TIMEBASE1920-24

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1920 Russian language editions of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion are published in Berlin, New York, Paris and Tokyo (1920-22). (Segel/Levy)

1920 January Karl Harrer resigns from all offices in the German DAP.

1920 Hitler meets Dietrich Eckart and Alfred Rosenberg for first time at the home of Houston Stewart Chamberlain in Bayreuth. (Pauwels)

Note: Most other sources state that Hitler's first meeting with Chamberlain was in September 1923.

1920 January 10 The Treaty of Versailles goes into effect and the League of Nations is officially established with headquarters at Geneva, Switzerland.

1920 January 14 French General Maurice Janin, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied troops in Siberia, orders the Czecho-Slovak Legion to kidnap Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak, leader of the anti-Bolshevik resistance, and hand him over to the Bolsheviks at Irkutsk in exchange for one-third of the bullion of the Russian Imperial Treasury which is under Kolchak's control. This bullion will become the first national treasury of the newly created country of Czechoslovakia. (Sturdza).

1920 January Gottfried zur Beek (Ludwig Müller von Hausen) publishes The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in German, the first documented non-Russian version. It is dated 1919, but is actually published in mid January. Thirty-three versions will be published in German by 1933. (Segel/Levy)

1920 January 16 The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution goes into effect. It prohibits the sale and consumption of all alcoholic beverages.

1920 January 28 Rudolf Hess is invited to tea at the home of Dr. Karl Haushofer for the first time. Hess was drawn into Haushofer's lectures on geo-politics and willingly acted as his unpaid assistant. (Missing Years)

1920 Philipp Stauff continues operation of the List Society at its new headquarters in Berlin. From his home at Moltkestrasse 46a in Berlin-Lichterfelde, Stauff publishes new editions of Guido von List's Ario-Germanic researches until 1922. (Roots)

1920 February 6 Grand Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg (Irmin) Chancellor of the loyalist Germanenorden dies of what is described as a heart attack. His funerary notice in the Bundesarchiv in Koblenz is decorated with swastikas. (Irminism is the religion professed years later by Karl Maria Wiligut (K.M. Weisthor of Himmler's SS staff.) (Bundesarchiv; Roots)

1920 February 7 Admiral Kolchak and his Prime Minister, Victor Pepeliaev, are executed. General Janin is never charged.

1920 February 8 Winston Churchill writes in the Illustrated Sunday Herald: "From the days of Spartacus -- Weishaupt to those of Karl Marx, to those of Trotsky... this world-wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilization... has been steadily growing."

1920 February 11 In Romania, Corneliu Codreanu and labor leader Constantin Pancu forcibly seize a factory from the Communists.

1920 February 20 The "Twenty-five Point Program" of the German DAP is officially adopted. (25 Point Program)

1920 February Walter Riehl designs a new Austrian DNSAP party flag using a swastika on a white field. (Forgotten Nazis)

1920 February 24 The German DAP gives the first public reading of its "Twenty-five Points." Hitler later describes this event in Mein Kampf as "the first great public demonstration of our young movement." (25 Point Program)

1920 March 1 The U.S. Supreme Court rules that U.S. Steel is not an illegal monopoly.

1920 March 10 Karl Lueger, former mayor of Vienna, dies in Austria.

1920 March 13 Gustav von Kahr assumes dictatorial powers in Munich. Wolfgang Kapp, founder of the Fatherland Party, assumes power in Berlin.

1920 March 15 General Ludendorff moves to a small town in Bavaria near Munich.

1920 March 17 The Kapp putsch fails. Hitler and Eckart arrive in Berlin too late to take part.

1920 March 19 The U.S. Senate again rejects the Versailles Treaty. The U.S. Senate also strongly objects to the U.S. entering the League of Nations.

1920 March 20 The "Munchener Beobachter" shareholders are listed as follows: Kathe Bierbaumer 46,000, Dora Kunze 10,000, Baron Franz von Freilitzsch 20,000, Theodor Heuss 10,000, Gottfried Feder 10,000, Franz Xavier Eder 10,000, Wilhelm Gutberlet 10,000, Karl Alfred Braun 3,500. (Freilitzsch and Heuss were members of the Thule Society and Feder was one of Hitler's earliest supporters) (Sebottendorff; Roots)

1920 March 29 Rudolf Hess is temporarily recruited by the local airfield at Schleissheim. (Missing Years)

1920 April 1 As part of the Red scare that is sweeping America, five members of the New York Legislature are expelled for being members of the Socialist Party. They will be legitimately reelected, but once again will be refused permission to sit in session. (Schlesinger I)

1920 April 6 Rudolf Hess flies an airplane to a Bavarian unit stationed in the Ruhr. (Missing Years)

1920 April 15 Italian-born anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are accused of murdering a paymaster and a guard at a shoe factory in South Braintree, Massachusetts, escaping with the payroll of nearly $16,000.

1920 April The Red Army, under the command of Mikhail Tukhachevsky, advances on Poland.

1920 April 25 War breaks out between Poland and the Soviets. The Polish-Soviet War is the result of both traditional Polish-Russian hostility and ideological factors. Lenin is convinced that Polish workers and peasants want a Polish Soviet Republic. He also hopes to push toward Germany, to establish socialism there, and to secure German military and economic assistance.

1920 April Adolf Hitler "officially" leaves the German army.

1920 April 30 Rudolf Hess resigns his commission in the German army at Munich. (Missing Years)

1920 May 1 Walter Riehl's Austrian Nazi party (DNSAP) introduces its new flag -- a swastika on a white field -- and flies it in public for the first time. (Forgotten Nazis)

1920 May 8 The Times of London publishes a long article on a recent English translation of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. It is entitled "A Disturbing Pamphlet: A Call for Enquiry," and says in part:

"What are these Protocols? Are they authentic? If so, what malevolent assembly concocted these plans, and gloated over their exposition? Are they a forgery? If so, whence comes the uncanny note of prophecy, prophecy in parts fulfilled, in parts far gone in the way of fulfillment?... Have we, by straining every fibre of our national body, escaped a 'Pax Germanica' only to fall into a 'Pax Judaica'?" (Morais)

1920 May 20 A right-handed (counterclockwise) swastika makes its first public appearance as the flag of the Nazi movement at the foundation meeting of the local Starnberg group. Hitler convinced Friedrich Krohn, who originally had proposed a left-handed design, to make the change. Krohn, however, was responsible for the color scheme of a black swastika in a white circle on a red background. (Roots)

1920 May 22 Henry Ford's weekly Dearborn Independent begins publishing a series of articles on the "Jewish World Conspiracy" Most are largely based on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. (Segel/Levy)

1920 June War veterans Heinrich Schulz and Heinrich Tillessen move to Regensburg, where they meet Loenz Mesch local leader of the Germanenorden. (Roots)

1920 June Rudolf Hess is said to have seen Adolf Hitler speak for the first time at the Sternecker-Bräu beerhall in Munich. Haushofer accompanied Hess to several National Socialist meeting in June. (Missing Years)

(Note: Other sources say Dietrich Eckart personally escorted Hess to his first Nazi party meeting in May 1920. Afterward, Eckart supposedly introduced Hess to Adolf Hitler.)

1920 June 4 Hungary signs the Treaty of Trainon at Versailles, reducing the country in area from 109,000 sq. miles to less than 36,000 sq. miles.

1920 June Marshal Pilsudski, fearing a Red Army counteroffensive from the eastern Ukraine, launches an attack on Kiev, but the Polish armies were soon pushed back to Warsaw.

1920 Summer London's Morning Post features a series of eighteen articles entitled "The Cause of World Unrest." A new translation of the Protocols by one of the Morning Post's reporters, Victor Marsden, is published by the antiseitic organization known as the Britons. It becomes the standard English-lanuage edition. (Segal/Levy)

1920 July 1 Rudolf Hess joins the Nazi party. Hess is said to have failed to persuade Haushofer to fall in behind the "tribune" (as he referred to Hitler during this period). (Missing Years)

1920 August 8 Hitler receives permission to rename the German Workers Party (DAP) -- it now becomes the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). It seems more than coincidential that it is so similar to Dr. Walter Riehl's German National Socialist Workers Party (DNSAP) in Austria. (Forgotten Nazis)

1920 August Hitler tells an audience in Salzburg, Austria, that "the same movement that started in Austria in 1904, has just now begun to gain a footing in Germany." This is an obvious reference to Walter Riehl's Austrian National Socialist Workers Party (DNDAP). (Forgotten Nazis)

1920 August Marshal Pilsudski's Polish armies defeats the Red Army on the Vistula, checking the spread of revolution into Central Europe and preventing Soviet domination of Eastern Europe.

1920 September 24 Hitler speaks at the German Nazi Party's first mass meeting; denouncing what he calls the "November Criminals" and calls for "vengeance for the perjured deed of November 9, 1918."

1920 October King Alexander of Greece dies.

1920 October Sebottendorff succeeds Ernst Tiede as editor of the "Astrologische Rundschau" (Astrological Review).

1920 October 5 The Soviets ask Poland for an armistice.

1920 October 12 A preliminary treaty of peace is signed in Riga between Poland and Soviet Russia. The Polish-Soviet War comes to an end.

1920 General Ludendorff introduces Hitler to Gregor Strasser.

1920 November Eleutherios Venizelos and his Liberal party are unexpectedly defeated in the Greek national elections.

1920 November 15 The first Assembly of the League of Nations meets in Geneva, with 41 nations represented. More than 20 nations will later join, though there are numerous withdrawals.

1920 Winter Theodor Czepl visits Karl Maria Wiligut (Weisthor) in Salzburg and stays for seven weeks. He is said to have visited with Wiligut on at least two other occasions during this period. Czepl records his visits in detail in a memorandum prepared for the Order of the New Templars (ONT). (Mund; Roots)

(Note: Wiligut (Weisthor) identifies with a religion he calls Irminism, which he says is distinct from, and the opponent of Wotanism. Irminists, he claims, celebrate Krist, a Germanic god, who Christianity had bowdlerized and then appropriated as its own saviour.) (Roots)

1920 December 5 A plebiscite restores Constantine I to the Greek throne.

1920 December 17 All shares of the "Munchener Beobachter" are now in the hands of Anton Drexler. (Sebottendorff; Roots)

1920 December 17 The Munchener Beobachter, (later renamed the "Völkischer Beobachter,") becomes the official organ of the NSDAP. Dietrich Eckart is its first editor and publisher. (Wistrich I)

1920 December 18 Rudolf Gorsleben delivers a speech entitled "The Aryan Man" to the Thule Society. In his diary, Johnnnes Hering writes of Gorsleben's occult tendencies and describes his doctrine of "Aryan" mysticism. (Roots)

1920 The antisemitic French daily La Libre Parole serializes the complete text of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. (Segel/Levy)

1920 Poland successfully fights to remain independent from the Soviet Union. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion begin circulating freely throughout Poland.

1920 Zinoviev, head of the Comintern, convenes a Congress of Peoples of the East at Baku in Azerbaijan, urging delegates from various Asian countries to wage a "holy war" against British imperialism.

1920 Averell Harriman and George Herbert Walker gain control of the Hamburg-Amerika Line in negotiations with Chief Executive Wilhelm Cuno and the Line's banker's M.M. Warburg. Cuno will contribute large sums to the Nazis during the early 1930's.

1920 During 1920, Hitler makes a number of speeches in Austria -- at Innsbruck, Hallein, Saint Polten and Vienna among others. These meeting were probably organized by Walter Riehl's Austrian Nazi party (DNSAP). (Forgotten Nazis)

1920 Admiral Miklos Horthy becomes regent of Hungary.

1920 Chaim Weizmann is named President of the World Zionist Organization.

1920 Hitler declares that "It is our duty to arouse, to whip up, an to incite our people to instinctive repugnance of the Jews." (Atlas)

1920 Mahatma Gandhi begins a campaign of noncooperation against British rule in India.

1920 A jurist, Professor Binding, and a psychiatrist, Professor Hoche, publish the book, Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens (The sanctioning of the destruction of lives unworthy of being lived). (Science)

1921 January Hitler claims that he is reunited with his old friend and former sergeant, Max Amann, by accident, while walking along a Munich street.

1921 Walter Riehl's Austrian Nazi party (DNSAP) holds its first party meeting in Linz, Austria, Hitler's hometown. (Forgotten Nazis)

1921 Georg Ritter von Schoenerer dies.

1921 Karl von Habsburg, the deposed emperor of Austria-Hungary, founds the International Pan-European Movement.

1921 Hitler founds the Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth).

1921 American Jews boycott Henry Ford for his alleged antisemitism.

1921 The SA (also called the Brownshirts) is formed from the ranks of Ernst Roehm's private army. (Grolier)

1921 March The naval garrison at Kronshtadt, long a Bolshevik stronghold, rebels along with Petrograd workers in favor of "Soviet Communism without the Bolsheviks!" The protest is brutally suppressed.

1921 March 3 The Romano-Polish Treaty of Alliance is signed.

1921 March 4 Warren G. Harding is inaugurated 29th President of the United States.

1921 March 18 The Treaty of Riga is signed between Russia and Poland. The Polish-Russian frontier is defined and Poland receives a large slice of Russian territory.

1921 March Great Britain and France recognize de facto the Soviet Government as the legitimate government of Russia.

1921 April 2 Albert Einstein arrives in New York to give a lecture at Columbia University on his new theory of relativity. It will open up a totally new way of thinking and will displace much of the scientifiic theory which has preceded it.

1921 April 18 Edward R. Stettinius Sr. writes a letter to Lucy Lee Brownlee and discloses to her that his son, Edward R. Stettinius Jr., "was elected recently a member of one of the select secret societies..." (Forbes). (This secret society was very likely connected with Yale's Skull and Bones.)

1921 April 20 Hitler receives a book from Dr. Babette Steininger, an early Nazi member, as a birthday present. The book is an essay by Tagore, an Indian mystic and nationalist. On the book's fly-leaf, a handwritten inscription from Steininger reads "to Adolf Hitler my dear Armanen-Brother." (Phelps)

1921 May Heinrich Schulz and Heinrich Tillessen travel to Munich where they receive orders to kill Matthias Erzberger, the former Reich Finance Minister and hated signatory of the armistice, from a person who claims to have the authority of the Germanenorden. (Gotthard Jasper; Roots)

1921 June The German Nazi Party claims 3,000 dues-paying members.

1921 June Detlef Schmude, one of Jorg Lanz von Liebenfel's most ardent supporters in Germany, organizes the printing of the ONT rule at Magdeburg, in which he, Johann Walthari Wölfl, and Lanz sign as the Priors of Hollenberg, Werfenstein, and Marienkamp. (Regularium; Roots)

1921 July Rudolf Gorsleben becomes Gauleiter of the South Bavarian section of the radical antisemitic Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund, an early competitor of the Nazi Party for support in Southern Germany. (Roots)

1921 July 2 President Harding signs a joint resolution of Congress declaring an end to the war with Germany and Austria-Hungary.

1921 July 11 Hitler threatens to resign from the Nazi party if he is not given dictatorial powers. Hitler's ploy is successful and from this moment on, Hitler becomes the uncontested leader of the German Nazi party.

1921 July 14 Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are found guilty of murder.

1921 July 21 Former General William "Billy" MItchell orchestrates the sinking of the German battleship Ostfriesland in a demonstration of concentrated bombing. He is convinced of the superiority of air power over sea power.

1921 July 29 The Council on Foreign Relations is founded in Washington D.C. It's British counterpart is the Royal Institute of International Affairs.

1921 August Prescott Bush marries Dorothy Walker, daughter of George Herbert Walker.

1921 August The U.S. signs a peace treaty with Germany.

1921 August 16-18 The Times of London in a lead article entitled "The End of the Protocols," written by correspondent Philip Graves, debunks The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a forgery. Graves establishes a connection between the Protocols and what is said to be its major source, a satire of Napoleon III, entitled Dialogue between Machiavelli and Montesquieu in Hell, written by a Frenchman named Maurice Joly (Brussels, 1864). (Cohn, Segel/Levy)

1921 August 16 King Peter I of Serbia dies and his son, Alexander, becomes king of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.

1921 August 25 The U.S. signs a peace treaty with Germany.

1921 September 14 Hitler physically attacks Otto Ballerstedt and is later sentenced to a month in jail.

1921 September 29 Brockhusen's constitution for the Germanenorden is accepted, providing for a complex organization of grades, rings, and provincial "citadels (Burgen) supposed to generate secrecy for a nationwide system of local groups having many links with militant völkisch associations, including the Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund. (Bundesarchiv, Koblenz; Roots)

1921 At the Tenth Party Congress, Lenin introduces his New Economic Policy, restoring some private property, ending restrictions on private trade, and terminating forced grain requisitions.The foundations for building Bolshevik socialism have been laid but the revolutionary period proper has come to an end.

1921 November 4 Hundreds of Marxists attempt to disrupt a speech by Hitler at the Hofbrauhaus in Munich. Hess takes a leading part in the brawl and suffers a skull injury.

1921 November 4 Japanese premier Hara Takashi is assassinated in Tokyo by a radical right-wing student.

1921 November All capital stock in the "Munchener Beobachter" ("Volkischer Beobachter") is transferred to Adolf Hitler. (Sebottendorf; Roots)

1921 November 29 Hitler writes a long autobiographical letter to an unidentified doctor. (This may have been Dr. Walter Riehl, Austrian leader of the German National Socialist Workers Party (DNSAP). (See December 1921 and Biographies) (Autobiographical letter)

1921 December Hitler speaks at a meeting in Vienna organized by Walter Riehl's Austrian Nazi party (DNSAP).

1921 December Rudolf Gorsleben breaks with the Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund, forming a new alliance with Julius Streicher, who laters edits "Der Sturmer" under Nazi auspices, finding considerable aid and support in both Regensburg and Nuremberg. Gorsleben also works closely with Lorenz Mesch, Germanenorden leader in Regensburg, whose proteges Schulz and Tillessen had just assassinated Matthias Erzberger in May. (Roots)

1921 December 13 The United States, Britain, Japan, and France sign the Four Power Treaty, pledging to consult one another if any of their Pacific island possessions is threatened.

1921 December 24 German Jewish politician Walter Rathenau writes in the Wiener Freie Presse (Vienna Free Press), " Three hundred men, all of whom are known to one another, guide the economic destinies of the Continent and seek their successors among their followers." Many antisemites, including General Ludendorff, promptly concluded that since Rathenau was a Jew, he must be one of the three hundred and that these were in fact the mysterious "Elders of Zion." (Morais)

(Note: Nowhere in Rathenau's original article were Jews mentioned in any context.)

1921 The first Arabic translation of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is published in Damascus, Syria. (Segel/Levy)

1921 Jorg Lanz von Liebenfels establishes another Order of the New Templars (ONT) priory at Marienkamp in Budapest, Hungary. Lanz regularly corresponds with ONT brothers in Germany, Austria, Great Britain, the United States and South Americas. (Roots)

1921 The Fascist party in Italy elects 35 members to parliament. Mussolini's oratorical skills, the postwar economic crisis, a widespread lack of confidence in the traditional political system, and a growing fear of socialism, all helped the Fascist party to grow to 300,000 registered members by 1921.

1921 Achille Ratti, the future Pope Pius XI, becomes cardinal-archbishop of Milan.

1921 The Reparations Commission fixes Germany's war reparations at 132 billion gold marks.

1921 Nesta H. Webster publishes World Revolution which links the French Revolution, the Illuminati, Jacobians, Freemasonry, the Jews and Communism. The book creates a sensation, and is widely read, both in Europe and America.

1921 Albert Einstein's receives the Nobel Prize for physics -- it was awarded not for relativity, but for his 1905 work on the photoelectric effect. His theories of relativity still remained controversial for his less flexibly minded colleagues.

1921 The Irish Free State is created as a self-governing dominion of Great Britain.

1922 Henry Ford publishes a collection of antisemitic articles from the Dearborn Independent, many based on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, in a book entitled The International Jew: The World's Foresmost Problem. (Morais; Segel/Levy)

(Note: Half a million copies of the book were put into circulation in America and it was translated into German, Russian and Spanish. The International Jews probably did more than any other work to make the Protocols world-famous.) (Cohn)

1922 January 22 Pope Benedict XV dies.

1922 February Walter Riehl's Austrian Nazi party (DNSAP) holds its first large rally in Vienna. Adolf Hitler is one of the main speakers. (Forgotten Nazis)

1922 February The United States, Britain, Japan, France and Italy sign the Five Power Naval Armaments Treaty, which is hailed as the most successful disarmament pact in history. It provides for a 10-year hiatus in building warships of more than 10,000 tons and establishes a ratio of these ships each signatory could have.

1922 April 6 The Soviet delegation headed by Grigori Chicherin arrives in Genoa for a meeting with British, French, American Italian and German delegations.

1922 April 8 General Georg A.S. von Falkenhayn, former chief of the German general staff dies.

1922 April 10 The Genoa Conference begins.

1922 April 15 Secret negotiations between the German and Soviet delegations begin at 2AM. (Sturdza)

1922 April 16 Surprise conclusion of the Treaty of Rapallo between Germany and the Soviet Union.

1922 W.A. Harriman & Co. opens its European headquarters in Berlin with the aid of the Hamburg-based M.M. Warburg & Co. Government investigators later said it was during this time that Harriman first became acquainted with the German industrialist, Fritz Thyssen. Harriman subsequently agreed to set up a bank for Thyssen (Union Banking Corporation) in New York City. The following year, Thyssen would become one of Hitler's largest financial backers.

1922 May 15 The German-Polish Convention is signed. Upper Silesia is returned to Germany and the minority rights of its Jews are guaranteed. (Atlas)

1922 May 19 The Genoa Conference collapses due to France's insistence that the Bolsheviks recognize and assume Russia's prewar debt.

1922 June Adolf Hitler once again is one of the main speakers at a meeting of Walter Riehl's Austrian Nazi party (DNSAP) in Vienna.

1922 June 24 German Foreign Minister Walter Rathenau, 55, is murdered by antisemitic German nationalists in Berlin.

1922 August Grigorij Bostunic emigrates to Germany and in 1924 changes his name to Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch.

1922 August 16 Hitler addresses a mass meeting at Konigsplatz in Munich.

1922 August 22 Irish revolutionary statesman Michael Collins is killed in an ambush.

1922 August 29 Cardinal Michael Faulhaber tells a large gathering of Catholics in Munich that the revolution of November 9, 1918 was a case of "perjury and high treason." (Lewy)

1922 September Greece's defeat by Turkey forces in Anatolia forces Constantine I to abdicate as king of Greece. Constantine is succeeded by George II.

1922 October 15 King Ferdinand and Queen Marie are coronated at Alba Iula, Romania.

1922 A deadlocked Vatican conclave chooses Achille Ratti as pope (Pope Pius XI) on the eve of Mussolini's March on Rome. Facing a choice between the right and the left, the Vatican decides that fascism seems the lesser of two evils.

1922 October 28 After the Fascists march on Rome, Benito Mussolini secures a mandate from King Victor Emmanuel III to form a coalition government.

1922 October 30 King Victor Emmanuel III names Benito Mussolini prime minister.

1922 November English Egyptologist Howard Carter excavates Tutankhamen's tomb in the Valley of the Kings.

1922 Winter Japanese troops are finally driven from the Russian Far East and Vladivostok is retaken. (Polyakov)

1922 December Restrictions are imposed on the percentage of Jewish students allowed at Cluj University in Romania Other universities at Jassy, Bucharest and Czernowitz soon restrict Jewish attendance, and Jewish students are attacked. (Atlas)

1922 Detlef Schmude, one of Jorg Lanz von Liebenfel's most ardent supporters in Germany and the Prior of Hollenberg begins publishing a second Ostara series. The first issue "Die Ostara und das Reich der Blonden" reiterates the "Ario-Christian" canon with numerous quotes from Lanz: "racial history is the key to the understanding of politics," and "all ugliness and evil stems from interbreeding." (Roots)

1922 Karl von Habsburg, the deposed emperor of Austria,dies in exile.

1922 Zinoviev allies himself with Stalin and Lev Kamenev against Trotsky but disagrees ideologically with Stalin and is soon politically outflanked.

1922 Lenin renames the Cheka to soften its image. It now becomes the GPU (General Political Administration).

1922 Stalin becomes general secretary of the party's Central Committee. He now controls appointments, set agendas, and transfers thousands of party officials from post to post at will.

1922 Mahatma Gandhi is imprisoned for his civil disobedience in India.

1922 Joseph Goebbels joins the Nazi Party, while trying to break into Journalism and the literary world.

1922 Between 1922 and 1933, there are 200 instances of grave desecrations in Jewish cemeteries at Nuremberg alone. (Atlas)

1923 Theodor Fritsch brings out a new German edition (his second) of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion based on the English translation by Victor Marsden. It wll sell 100,000 copies by 1933. (Segel/Levy)

1923Alfred Rosenberg writes The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and Jewish World Policy. It is reprinted three times within a year. (Segel/Levy)

1923 January Inflation cripples the German economy. In 1918, the exchange rate, four marks to the dollar in 1918, is now more than 7,000 to the dollar.

1923 January 11 French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr.

1923 January 13 Announcement of passive resistence by Germans in the Ruhr. (Eyes)

1923 January 28 The first National Socialist Party Day is held in Munich. Munich will continue to be Hitler's primary headquarters until he comes to power in 1933.

1923 February Hitler publishes an article in the newspaper published by Walter Riehl's Austrian Nazi Party (DNSAP). (See August 1918)

1923 Dr. Fritz Lenz becomes Germany's first professor of racial hygiene.

1923 April Johann Walthari Wölfl, an Austrian industrialist who had become Prior of Werfenstein following Lanz von Liebenfels' departure for Hungary, begins issuing the Tabalarium, a monthly diary intended for a restricted circulation among ONT brothers. (Roots)

1923 March 4 The League of National Defense is founded by Professor Alexandru Cuza and Corneliu Codreanu in Romania.

1923 Spring Sebottendorff moves to Lugano, Switzerland, where he completes his occult treatise on the Baktashi dervishes and their relationship to alchemists and Rosicrucians. He will remain in Switzerland through 1924. (Roots)

1923 May Friedrich Franz von Hochberg, a Silesian count and cousin of the ruling Prince of Pless, is designated as Presbyter at the ONT Priory of Hollenberg. He uses the lodge name "Frowin." (Roots)

1923 May 1 Rudolf Hess and his "Student Battalion" fight their way into a Communist procession, seize the red hammer-and-sickle flag, and burn it. Hess is arrested and justifies his action by saying that public display of the flag which had led to the army's mutiny and Germany's military downfall was an outright provocation to any decent German. (Missing Years)

1923 A dialogue between Hitler and Eckart is published in Munich under the title Bolshevism from Moses to Lenin. It reflects their opinion that the Jews have represented the occult power of revolutionary subversion throughout history and are responsible for deflecting humankind from its natural path. (Wistrich I)

1923 July Inflation in Germany increases to more than 160,000 marks to the dollar.

1923 July 17 Philipp Stauff commits suicide. Many suspected foul play because of his continuing exposure of prominent Germans with Jewish roots. His widow, Berta, takes over the publishing house and the Society continues to serve as a meeting-place for prewar members, the Germanenorden, and newcomers throughout the 1920s. Eberhard von Brockhusen, Grand Master of the Germanenorden, continued as President of the List Society until his death in 1939. (Roots)

1923 July 24 Turkey signs the Treaty of Lausanne, recognizing the independence of the Arab Kingdom of Hejaz, the French mandate over Syria, and British mandates over Palestine and Mesopotamia.

1923 August 2 Warren G. Harding dies and Calvin Coolidge becomes 30th President of the United States.

1923 August 13 Gustav Stresemann becomes Chancellor of Germany.

1923 Hitler and Walter Riehl of the Austrian DNSAP split over strategy and tactics.

1923 September Ludendorff announces his support of Adolf Hitler before 100,000 people at Nuremberg.

1923 September 2 Hitler attends a rally of Nationalists parties in Nuremberg. (Shirer I)

1923 September 25 Hitler addresses a meeting of the heads of all the right-wing military formations and private armies in Munich. After a two and a half hour speech he is able to convince them that they would be more effective if they placed themselves under his over-all command. (Payne)

1923 September 30 Hitler visits the Wagner family and Houston Stewart Chamberlain at Wagner's home in Bayreuth. When he returned to Munich, he found a letter from Chamberlain praising him as a Messiah and comparing Chamberlain himself with John the Baptist. "At one blow you have transformed the state of my soul," Chamberlain wrote. "That Germany in her hour of need has produced a Hitler testifies to its vitality. Now at last I am able to sleep peacefully and I shall have no need to wake up again. God protect you!" (Olden)

1923 October Fritz Thyssen, one of Germany's richest industrialists begins the large-scale financing of Hitler and the Nazis Party. Thyssen one of Germany's richest men is in business with Averell Harriman and Prescott Bush, among others.

1923 October Communists take over the States of Saxony and Thuringia and plan to take over the entire country from these bases.

1923 November 8 The Munich Putsch -- Hitler, with the backing of General Ludendorff, attempts to take over the Bavarian government by force of arms. Hitler claims that his main purpose is to squash a plot by Bavarian separatist to secede from Germany

1923 November 9 At midday, Hitler and Ludendorff at the head of a large body of men are caught in a bottleneck as they march toward the center of town. The police open up with volleys of rifle fire and sixteen Nazis are killed. Hitler quickly flees the city and Ludendorff is arrested. The putsch collapses and those killed become Nazi martyrs. The flag they carry that day later becomes known as the "blood flag," and takes on a "sacred" and mystical symbolism. This is a day Hitler will never forget. (See November 9, 1933)

1923 November 11 Hitler is arrested and charged with treason. About midnight he is taken to Landsberg prison, where Count Anton Arco-Vally, the assassin of Kurt Eisner, Is awakened and moved to another cell. His comfortable quarters are then given to Hitler. (Payne)

1923 November Detlef Schmude, ONT Prior at Hollenberg, writes to Jorg Lanz von Liebenfels attributing the postwar disorder to an ignorance of eugenics amongst the leadership of Germany and appealing for a dictator in the form of a "Starke von Oben" (Stong one from Above) as described by Guido von List. (Roots)

1923 November 20 Inflation in Germany peaks at 130,000,000,000 marks to the dollar. (WWIIDBD)

1923 November 23 The NSDAP is banned by the Bavarian government.

1923 December 23 Dietrich Eckart, after a brief imprisonment in Stadelheim prison, dies of heart failure, while Hitler is still in prison awaiting trial. Eckart is buried at Berchtesgaden. (Wistrich I)

1923 December Friedrich Franz von Hochberg (Frowin), Presbyter of the ONT priory at Hollenbeck states that the Order of the New Templars is his sole comfort "in this evil land of pygmies and Tschandale." (Roots)

1923 Designer Willy Messerschmitt opens an aircraft manufacturing plant at Augsburg, Germany. Three years later he will produce his first all-metal plane.

1923 Leo Schlageter, an insurgent against the French in the Ruhr, is executed. He quickly becomes a much celebrated Nazi martyr and hero. After 1933, The Catholic Church will often attempt to capitalize on Schlagter's Catholicism.

1923 General. Miguel Primo de Rivera becomes dictator of Spain.

1923 Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch becomes a member of Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy movement.

1923 Trotsky, in a series of essays labeled as "The New Course," bitterly criticizes the growing bureaucracy of the party and argues for greater centralized planning. Much of his hostility is directed against Stalin, whom he is said to loathe. In response, Stalin states his own position as "socialism in one country," the antithesis of Trotsky's advocacy of a world revolution.

(Note:"Socialism in one country" and Hitler's National Socialism shared many common characteristics.)

1923 Physicist Hermann Oberth publishes The Rocket into Planetary Space, which inspires many young Germans, including Werner von Braun, with the idea of space travel.

1923 The first issue of "Der Stürmer," a viciously antisemitic newspaper, is published in Nuremberg. It's slogan is "The Jews are our misfortune." (Atlas)

1923 The Treaty of Lausanne establishes the boundaries of modern Turkey.

1924 January 21 Lenin suffers a fatal stroke. A triumvirate with Stalin, Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev is formed after Lenin's death to exclude Trotsky from power.

1924 February 1 Great Britain extends de jure recognition to the U.S.S.R.

1924 February Trotsky is censured for what is called "factionalism."

1924 February 15 Cardinal Faulhaber tells to a meeting of students and academicians at the Lowenbrau Beer Cellar in Munich that Hitler knew better than his underlings that the resurrection of the German nation required the support of Christianity. This theme of the good and well-intentioned Fuehrer and his evil advisors continues periodically throughout Hitler's career.

1924 February 26 The trial of Hitler, Ludendorff and a number of other participants in the Munich Putsch begins in Munich.

1924 March Konrad Weitbrecht, a Swabian forester who led an ONT group in his region, receives a million Austrian crowns, collected by the brothers of the priories of Werfenstein and Marienkamp, for a seat in South Germany. (Roots)

1924 March 27 Romanian-Russian negotiations begin in Vienna after strong pressure from the French.

1924 Spring Detlef Schmude, Prior of Hollenberg, travels to Persia supposedly hoping to found an ONT colony at Tabriz. Count Hochberg (Frowin) assumes his duties as Prior during his eighteen-month absence. (Roots)

1924 April The Dawes Plan restructures German reparations and stabilizes the German currency. American banker Charles Dawes arranges a series of foreign loans totalling $800 million to consolidate gigantic German chemical and steel combinations into cartels, one of which is I.G. Farben. "Without the capital supplied by Wall Street" it is said, "there would have been no I.G. Farben in the first place, and almost certainly no Adolf Hitler and World War II." Three Wall Street houses, Dillon, Reed & Co., Harris, Forbes & Co., and National City handled three-quarters of the loans used to create these cartels. (Sutton)

(Note: Professor Carroll Quigley wrote that the Dawes Plan was: "largely a J.P. Morgan production.") (Quigley)

1924 April 1 Hitler is sentenced to five years in military prison at Landsberg Fortress. General Ludendorff is found not guilty and retires to his home in the country.

1924 Hitler reads the second edition of the textbook, Menschliche Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene (The principles of human heredity and race-hygiene), written by E. Baur, E. Fischer, and F. Lenz, while imprisoned in Landsberg, and subsequently incorporates racial ideas into his own book, Mein Kampf. (Science).

1924 April 2 The Romanian-Russian negotiations fall apart.

1924 June Italian Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti is murdered after denouncing Mussolini in the Chamber of Deputies. The crime is traced to a group of Fascist militants. Mussolini orders their arrest and disclaims any responsibility. Public opinion, however, seems to be against him and opposition deputies withdraw from parliament in a protest known as the Aventine Secession (a reference to the Plebs' withdrawal to the Aventine Hill in ancient Rome), and many predict the imminent fall of Mussolini's government.

1924 June 7-8 An ONT (Order of New Templars) Whitsun meeting is held at Werfenstein castle. It is attended by Johann Walthari Wölfl, the new Prior of Werfenstein, Lanz von Liebenfels' two brothers, Herwik and Friedolin, and twelve other members. Celebrations began at midnight with the consecration of fire and water. Under Wölfl's leadership, the Austrian ONT has flourished and the membership of some 50-60 brothers frequently contributed money, books, and ceremonial objects for the ornamentation of the priory. Whitsun meetings were also held in 1925 and 1926. (Roots)

1924 June 12 George Herbert Walker Bush is born in Milton, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. He is the second of five children born to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Walker, daughter of Harriman associate, George Herbert Walker.

1924 June 24 Dr. Karl Haushofer visits Hess and Hitler in Landsberg prison. Prison records show that between June 24 and November 12 he visited them eight times, always on Wednesdays and staying the whole morning and afternoon. (Missing Years)

1924 The Union Banking Corporation is formally established, as a unit in the Manhattan offices of the W.A. Harriman & Co., interlocking with the Fritz Thyssen-owned Bank Voor Handel en Scheepvaart (BHS) in the Netherlands.

1924 October 28 Following the British example of February 1, the French extend de jure recognition of the U.S.S.R. Romania and Yugoslavia refuse.

1924 November Karl Maria Wiligut (Weisthor) is involuntarily committed to a Salzburg mental asylum and will not be released until early 1927.

1924 November 8 Hitler, Lt. Colonel Hermann Kriebel, Dr. Christian Weber, Rudolf Hess and other putschers in Landsberg prison celebrate the first anniverary of the Munich putsch, with the prison band supplying the music. At exactly 8:34 PM, they comemorated the "historic moment" the trucks arrived carrying the Hitler Shocktroops. (Missing Years)

1924 November 9 At 1 PM, Hitler and his comrades in Landsberg salute their sixteen fallen friends who were shot down and killed in Munich the year before. (Missing Years)

1924 December 20 Hitler is released from Landsberg prison after serving less than nine months of his five-year sentence.

1924 The Geneva Protocol of 1924, which brands aggressive war as an international crime, fails because of British opposition.

1924 The Soviet GPU (General Political Administration), formerly the Cheka secret police, again changes its name. It becomes the OPGU so as to include the entire USSR. It's function remains the same.

1924 Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, a leading Soviet theoretician, becomes a full member of the Politburo.

1924 J. Edgar Hoover is appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation). (FBI)

1924 A letter to the British Communist party calling for a revolution is published in Britain. Allegedly written by Zinoviev, President of the Comintern, this so-called Zinoviev letter was probably a forgery used to generate anti-leftist feelings on the eve of the general election, but may have been authentic.

1924 A branch of the Catholic League for Patriotic Politics in Munich publishes an article in one of its publications, "Der Ruetlischwur," calling for a fight against what it calls the three forces of evil opposing Germany and the Catholic Church: Marxists, Jews, and Freemasons.

1924 Nesta H. Webster publishes Secret Societies and Subversive Movements, again linking the French Revolution, the Illuminati, Jacobians, Freemasonry, the Jews and Communism. This book, too, is widely read both in Europe and America.

1924 Joseph Goebbels becomes editor of the right-wing newspaper "Volkischer Freiheit" (Folkish Freedom).

1924 The Greek military declares a republic and King George II is exiled.

1924 The exclusionary Immigration Act of 1924 is passed by the U.S. Congress, limiting immigration by race and nationality, among other criteria.

1924 The Pierpont Morgan Library, the personal library of J.P. Morgan, is opened in New York City and made available to scholars.

1924 Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., leaves the University of Virginia without graduating.

Copyright © 1997 R.H. Perez de Cruet
All Rights reserved.

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