TIMEBASE1930-34

(Note: Use your browser's "Find" or "Search" icon to locate specific information on almost any subject, person, place, date or thing you wish to investigate. Click on any highlighted date to view video.)

1930 February 23 Horst Wessel, Professor Horbiger's right-hand man, is killed by Communists and is soon transformed into yet another Nazi martyr. Nazi opponents claim he was nothing more than a "pimp" and a scoundrel. (Pauwels)

1930 May 18 Local Storm troopers (SA) attend religious services at the Cathedral of Regensburg, bringing with them their flags and banners.

1930 August 10 Rudolf Hess circles his M-23 Messerschmitt (painted with a black swastika) over a leftist meeting in Munich, drowning out the speakers. (Missing Years)

1930 August 23 Rudolf Gorsleben dies and Werner von Bulow takes over the Edda Society's periodical, soon renaming it Hagal All All Hagal, and later simply Hagal. (Roots)

1930 September 14 The Nazis become Germany's second largest party.107 National Socialist deputies are elected to the Reichstag (20% of the vote). Social Democrats remain the largest party in the Reichstag.

1930 November 9 The Gauleiter (regional party leader) of the state of Hesse seeks permission to lay wreaths on this date at the graves of German soldiers killed in WWI and buried in Catholic cemeteries. His request is denied by the Church on the ground that political parties whose ultimate outlook on life conflicts with Church doctrine can not be allowed to hold such ceremonies on Catholic soil. (Lewy)

1930 November Bishop Schreiber of Berlin indicates that Catholics are not forbidden to become members of the Nazi party.

1930 December Theodor Eicke joins the SS (member No. 2921).

1930 December Dr. Hjalmar Schacht meets Hermann Goering at a dinner party, takes a liking to him, and agrees to meet with Hitler in January. (Children)

1930 December 14 A Catholic priest, Dr. Philipp Haeuser, delivers the principal address at the Christmas celebration of the Nazi party of Augsburg.

1930 December 31 Germania, the daily newspaper the Catholic Center Party, features an article saying of the Nazis: "Here we are no longer dealing with political questions but with a religious delusion which has to be fought with all possible vigor." (Lewy)

1930 The National Socialist Minister of the Interior of the government of the Land of Thuringia invites "race-investigator" H. F.K. Günther to a chair of social anthropology at the University of Jena, against the wishes of the faculty. Professor Lenz comments: "We are happy about the appointment itself, despite our reservations about the way in which it was made." (Science)

1930 Ernst Roehm returns to Germany from Bolivia after a five year absence and begins reorganizing the SA.

1930 Alfred Rosenberg publishes The Myth of the Twentieth Century, calling for the doing away with of the "Jewish" Old Testament, purging the New Testament of its "obviously distorted and superstitious reports," and for the creation of a German Church anchored not in abstract dogma and denomination, but in the forces of blood, race and soil.

1930 Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch publishes a book entitled Doktor Steiner-- ein Schwindler wie keiner, reviling Rudolf Steiner and the Anthroposophy movement as another agent of the Jewish world conspiracy.

1930 From 1930 on, Henrich Himmler busies himself with a number of projects designed to express the moral purpose and ideological mission of the SS.

1930 The Cult of Our Lady of Fatima is authorized by the Catholic Church.

1930 Huey P. Long is elected to the U.S. Senate. Long will not resign as governor of Louisiana until his handpicked successor, Oscar (O.K.) Allen, is chosen to replace him in 1932.

1930 The London Naval Conference of 1930 extends the Washington agreement to cruisers and destroyers, and regulates submarine warfare. Britain, Japan, and the United States also accept a treaty limiting the size of battleships. (The Japanese will abrogate these treaties in 1934.)

1930 American astronomer Clyde W. Tombaugh discovers the planet Pluto.

1930 Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli becomes Papal Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI.

1930 British engineer Frank Whittle patents a gas turbine engine for jet aircraft.

1930 Carol II is proclaimed king of Romania.

1930 Haile Selassie is declared emperor of Abyssinia (Ethiopia).

1930 The city of Constantinople is renamed Istanbul.

1931 January Hjalmar Schacht meets with Hitler and is impressed by Hitler's eloquence and absolute conviction. Before long, Schacht begins telephoning politicians, urging that the National Socialists be incorporated into a coalition government. (Children)

1931 January The general student committee of the University of Erlangen, dominated by the National Socialists, makes a request to the Ministry of Culture for the creation of a chair of race-investigation, race-science, race-hygiene, and genetics. (Science)

1931 January 1 The Nazi Brown House is opened in Munich.

1931 January 1 W.A. Harriman & Co. merges with Brown Brothers. Prescott Bush, father of future President George Bush, becomes the managing partner of the new firm: Brown Brothers Harriman, ultimately the largest and most politically important private banking house in America. The London branch of the Brown family firm continued to operate under the name -- Brown, Shipley.

(During the American Civil War (War of Southern Secession), the Brown family with offices in the U.S. and London shipped 75% of the South's slave cotton to British mills.)

1931 Montagu Collet Norman, Bank of England Governor and former Brown Brothers partner, whose grandfather had been boss of Brown Brothers during the Civil War, becomes known within the British aristocracy as one of Hitler's most avid supporters. Some historians suggest it was Montagu Norman who essentially managed the so-called "Hitler Project," an alleged Anglo-American plan to finance Hitler's rise to power as a foil against the Soviets.

1931 February 12 The eight Catholic bishops of Bavaria, organized in the Bavarian (Freising) Bishops Conference under the chairmanship of Cardinal Faulhaber, the Archbishop of Munich and Freising, strictly forbids all Catholic priests from taking part whatsoever in the National Socialist movement. Nazi party formations with flagsare also prohibited from attending services "since such parades in churches would make the people think that the Church had come to terms with National Socialism."

1931 March 5 The six bishops of Cologne compare the errors of National Socialism to those of Action Francaise, already condemned by Pope Pius XII.

1931 March 10 Membership in the Nazi party is ruled impermissable by the three bishops of Paderborn province.

1931 April Johann Warthari Wölfl, Lanz von Liebenfels' long-time follower, begins publishing Ostara-Rundschau (Panarische Revue) based on the concept of "Pan-Aryan" cooperation between the right-wing radical groups of the world. It included the addresses of the "Völkischer Beobachter" in Munich, as well as racist and patriotic associations in Italy, France, Great Britain and the United States. (Roots)

1931 April 22 Averell Harriman meets in Berlin with both Friedrich Flick and Wilhelm Cuno, chief executive of the Hamburg-Amerika Line and a close Warburg associate.

1931 May Credit-Anstalt, Austria's principal bank, fails due to French financial pressure. The collapse is seen by many as an attempt to prevent an anschluss (union) between Germany and Austria.

1931 Summer Otto Rahn visits the castle of Montsegur in France, spending three months carefully exploring the local caves and grottos in search of the Holy Grail.

1931 June 4 Himmler is first introduced to Reinhardt Heydrich at Waldtrudering, where Himmler is recovering from a recent illness. After a brief written examination outlining plans for a new SS intelligence unit, Himmler offers Heydrich a position on his headquarters staff. Himmler is greatly impressed by Heydrich's Nordic appearance. (Secrets)

1931 July The Darmstadter-National Bank in Germany fails.

1931 August 3-5 The Fulda Bishop's Conference, attended by all the Prussian bishops, the bishops of the Upper Rhenish province, as well as the Archbishop of Munich, fail to adopt a clear position on Nazi party membership.

1931 September 12 On the eve of the Jewish New Year, Nazi gangs in Berlin attack Jews returning from synagogue.(Atlas)

1931 September 18 Geli Raubal, Hitler's niece and lover, commits suicide in Hitler's Munich apartment.

1931 September 18 Japanese soldiers stationed in southern Manchuria are involved in a minor clash with Chinese troops. Japan uses the incident as an excuse to spread its forces throughout Manchuria, subduing the region.

1931 December German unemployment exceeds 5 million.

1931 December 31 The SS Engagement and Marriage order is announced. Under this regulation, no member of the SS is allowed to marry until his and his prospective bride's geneology has been analyzed by a new SS department, directed by Richard Walther Darré and eventually designated the Office of Race and Settlement. (The SS, Time-Life Books)

(Note: The order states: "Permission to marry will be granted or refused solely and exclusively on the basis of criteria of race and hereditary health." (Science)

1931 Jorg Lanz von Liebenfels enthusiastically reviews a book proposing a Hollow Earth Theory. The founder of the Hollow Earth doctrine was Cyrus R. Teed (1839-1908) who claimed to have undergone a spiritual illumination in 1870, when he received by revelation the tenets of this doctrine, which he called Koreshianity (Koresh is Hebrew for Cyrus). In 1903 he established a community at Estero, Florida. The doctrine was brought to Germany by Peter Bender who read the sect periodical, The Flaming Spear, while a prisoner of war in France. (Roots)

1931 Spain is declared a republic and King Alfonso XIII abdicates.

1931 The Empire State Building in New York becomes the world's tallest building.

1931 In the third edition of his textbook (with E. Baur and E. Fischer), professor Fritz Lenz writes: "We must of course deplore the one-sided 'anti-Semitism' of National Socialism. Unfortunately, it seems that the masses need such 'anti' feelings... we cannot doubt that National Socialism is honestly striving for a healthier race. The question of the quality of our hereditary endowment is a hundred times more important than the dispute over capitalism or socialism, and a thousand times more important than that over the black-white-red or black-red-gold banners." (The banner of the Weimar Republic, which had replaced that of Imperial Germany, black-white-red.) (Science)

1931 The Star-Spangled Banner becomes the national anthem of the United States.

1932 January Japan establishes the puppet state of Manchukuo.

1932 February Jorg Lanz von Liebenfels writes a letter to a member of the (ONT) Order of the New Templars stating "Hitler is one of our pupils...you will one day experience that he, and through him we, will one day be victorious and develop a movement that makes the world tremble." (Ellic Howe; Roots)

1932 March The Romano-Soviet negotiations are held in Riga. The French have asked their allies Romania and Poland to come to a nonaggression agreement with their Russian neighbors.

1932 March 13 Hindenburg fails to win a majority in the Presidentiall elections. Hitler receives 11,339,446 votes (30.1%).

1932 March Theodor Eicke is arrested and accused of terrorism. Several dozen homemade bombs are found in his possession. After posting bail, Eicke flees to Italy, where he takes command of a group of SS exiles.

1932 April Romano-Soviet negotiations are broken off in Riga when the Russians attempt to introduce a clause alluding to Russia's pretensions upon a part of Romanian territory.

1932 April 10 Hindenburg is re-elected President in a runoff election with Hitler. Hindenburg receives a clear majority, but Hitler receives 13,418,547 votes (36.8%).

1932 April 13 The SA and SS are banned after plans for a coup are discovered.

1932 May 6 Paul Doumer, President of the French Republic, is assassinated by Dr. Paul Gourgoulov, a Russian emigre.

1932 May 30 President Hindenburg ousts Heinrich Bruning and appoints Franz von Papen as Chancellor. Papen, only hours before, had promised Monsignor Kaas that he would not undertake the formation of a new government. The Center Party quickly censures Papen.

1932 May 31 Franz von Papen becomes Chancellor and declares his exit from the Catholic Center Party. (The Center Party is angry as Bruning's dismissal and soon begins negotiations with the National Socialists aimed at the formation of a coalition government.) (Lewy)

1932 June-July Nearly 500 pitched battles take place between Nazis and Communists in Prussia alone. At least least 82 people were killed and 400 wounded. (The SS, Time-Life)

1932 June 3 President Hindenburg dissolves the Reichstag.

1932 June The government ban on the SA and SS is lifted.

1932 July The Reverend Wilhelm Senn, one of the first Catholic priests to join the National Socialist Party, is suspended by the Catholic Church. Senn has broken a promise to submit all future writings to the censorship of the Church. (An article written by Senn earlier in the year had declared Hitler and his movement to be "instruments of divine providence.") (Lewy)

1932 July 2 A committee of the Prussian State Health Council advises and recommends that a law on sterilization be brought in under the title:"Eugenics in the service of public welfare." The law was to permit the 'voluntary' sterilization of the same groups of persons (with the exception of alcoholics) as were later specified in the law of 14 July 1933. (Science)

1932 July 31 The National Socialists win 230 seats in Reichstag elections. The Socialists win 133, the Catholic Center 97, and the Communists, 89. The total vote for the National Socialists is 13,745,000 (37%).

1932 August 13 Hindenburg rejects Hitler's demand to be appointed Chancellor.

1932 August 13 Formal talks begin between Hitler, Bruning and the Catholic Center Party. The meetings drag on for weeks.

1932 August 21 The Third International Congress on Eugenics is held at the Museum of Natural History in New York. The Congress proceedings are dedicated to Averell Harriman's mother, who had paid for the founding of the race-science movement in America (see 1910).

1932 August 23 Dr. C. B. Davenport, speaking at the International Congress of Eugenics in New York, suggests Professor Fischer as his successor as president of the International Federation of Eugenic Organizations. Professor Fischer declines, due to other commitments, and Dr Rüdin (in Munich) is elected. (Science)

1932 August 30 Hermann Goering, with backing from the Catholic Center Party, becomes President of the Reichstag.

1932 September The Catholic Center Party deputies in the Reichstag vote for a Communist sponsored no-confidence motion against Papen's government.

1932 September 12 President Hindenburg again dissolves the Reichstag.

1932 October Sir Oswald Mosley founds the British Union of Fascists.

1932 November 6 New elections fail to break a parliamentary deadlock. The National Socialists lose 34 seats.

1932 November 9 Leon Nicole, leader of the Bolsheviks in Switzerland, and his assistant, a Russian Jew named Dicker, instigate an uprising that results in the deaths of 13 people. More than a hundred are injured.

1932 November 11 Johann Warthari Wölfl, a longtime follower of Lanz von Liebenfels, founds the Lumenclub in Vienna to reintroduce ONT (Order of the New Templars) ideas to a new right-wing public. (Roots)

1932 November 17 Papen and his Cabinet are forced to resign.

1932 November Thirty-nine prominent industrialists and businessmen petition Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as his new Chancellor. Hindenburg refuses.

1932 December 3 General von Schleicher is appointed Chancellor.

1932 December 8 Gregor Strasser resigns from his Nazi party offices.

1932 December 14 The Reverend Wilhelm Senn is reinstated by the Catholic Church.

1932 A famine in Russia brings mounting opposition to Stalin within his own party. Brutally suppressing the peasant resistance, Stalin refuses to slacken the pace of his collectivization.

1932 Eamon de Valera is elected president of the Republic of Ireland.

1932 Engelbert Dollfuss is elected chancellor of Austria.

1932 Presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt pledges a New Deal.

1932 Karl Maria Wiligut, the Austrian occultist, flees his family and emigrates to Munich. He is 66 years old. (Roots)

1933 January 1 Hypnotist Erik Hanussen, predicts Hitler will come to power on January 30, 1933. (Waite)

1933 January 3 Hanussen's prediction is widely ridiculed by Hitler's enemies and the German press. (Waite)

1933 January 4 Hitler holds a secret meeting with Franz von Papen.

1933 January Heinrich Himmler, while traveling in Westphalia, is inspired (probably by Weisthor/Wiligut) to begin thinking about acquiring a castle in the area for use by the SS. (Hüser)

1933 January 23 Molotov makes a speech announcing ratification of nonaggression pacts with all of Russia's neighbors except Romania.

1933 January 28 General von Schleicher resigns as Chancellor.

1933 January 30 Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor by President Hindenberg. Franz von Papen becomes Vice-Chancellor. Only three of the eleven posts in the cabinet are held by National Socialists.

1933 January 30 Juedische Jugendhilfe (Jewish Youth Help), the agency overseeing Youth Aliya (immigration to Palestine), is founded.

1933 January 30 Brownshirts (SA) and Communists violently clash in the streets throughout Germany. The SA celebrates Hitler's accession to power with a torchlight parade through Berlin.

1933 January 31 Edouard Deladier becomes premier of France.

1933 January 31 Eamon De Valera wins in Irish Free State Elections.

1933 February Albert Einstein, lecturing in California at the time of Hitler's appointment as Chancellor, decides to take up residence in America. From this time until his death in 1955, he will hold an analogous research position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J. (Grolier)

1933 Early in 1933, Hitler tells Hermann Rauschning that "One is either a German or a Christian. You cannot be both." (Rauschning)

1933 February 1 Hitler makes his first radio address to the German people after becoming Chancellor. Hitler declares that the members of the new government "would preserve and defend those basic principles on which our nation has been built up. They regard Christianity as the foundation of our national morality and the family as the basis of our national life." (Lewy)

1933 February 1 Hitler obtains a decree from Hindenburg ordering dissolution of the Reichstag. New elections are called for March 5, 1933.

1933 February 1 Professor Fischer gives a lecture, entitled: "Racial crosses and intellectual achievement" in the Harnack House of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. (Science)

1933 February 1 Italy publishes the Fascist Ten Commandments. (Edelheit)

1933 February 2 Hitler bans all political demonstrations except those of the National Socialists.

1933 February 2 The Geneva Disarmament Conference begins.

1933 February 3 Hitler secretly addresses the top leaders of the German armed forces, setting out his aims for the new Germany he envisions.

1933 February 4 Hitler announces a new rule "for the protection of the German people" which allows the Nazis to forbid meetings of other political groups.

1933 February 5 Martial law is proclaimed over most of Romania.

1933 February 6 The Prussian state legislature is dissolved and its powers are transferred to the Reichskomissariat (State Commissariat), the ciivil administration of the German central government in Berlin. (Edelheit)

1933 February 6 Socialists in England, Germany, France, Poland, Italy, Norway and Holland call for cooperation between Social Democrats and Communists in the struggle against Nazism. (Edelheit)

1933 February 6 The Danish government prohibits strikes and walkouts.

1933 February 7 Communist leader Ernst Thaelman calls for reorganization of the German Communist Party (KPD) in preparation for clandestine operations in Germany. (Edelheit)

1933 February 8 Egypt's King Fuad meets with World Zionist Organization (WZO) president Nahum Sokolow.

1933 February 11 A large protest rally is staged in Tel Aviv by Hitahdut ha-Zionim ha-Revisionistim (HA-ZOHAR) (Union of Zionists-Revisionists) supporters. (Edelheit)

1933 February 12 Jews begin an exodus from Nazi Germany.

1933 February 15 An assassination attempt is made on the life of President-elect Roosevelt by Joseph Zangara, an Italian-born anarchist in Miami. Chicago Mayor Anton J. Cermak is mortally wounded in the attack.

1933 February 16 Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia reorganize the "Little Entente."

1933 February The Franco-Russian Non-Aggression Treaty is ratified.

1933 February 20 Hermann Goering sponsors a fundraiser for Hitler at his residence, a small palace, in Berlin. Attending are Gustav Krupp of Krupp steelworks, Albert Voegler of United Steel, Fritz Springorum, another steel magnate, and Georg von Schnitzler of I.G. Farben, among others. One of the 25 business titans at this meeting is Eduard Schulte, chief executive officer of Giesche, "one of the oldest industrial undertakings in the world and one of the most valuable in Europe." (N.Y. Times; Silence)

1933 February 21 The German Union of Red Fighters exhorts the Young Proletarians to disarm the SA and SS.

1933 February 22 Goering convinces the Prussian government to decree the gradual abolition of the interdenominational schools and reintroduce religious instruction in the vocational schools "for political reasons." (Lewy)

1933 February 22 The American Jewish Congress, American Jewish Committee and B'nai B'rith (Sons of the Covenant) form a joint conference committee to examine the German situation. (Edelheit)

1933 February 23 "Red Sailor," the official Communist organ, calls for violence. "Workers, to the barricades! Forward to victory! Fresh bullets in your guns! Draw the pins of the hand-grenades." (Toland)

1933 February 23 Japanese forces occupy China north of the Great Wall.

1933 February 24 Nazi police raid the Communist Party headquarters in Berlin. An official announcement says the police have discovered plans for a Communist uprising.

1933 February 24 The Stahlhelm (Steel Helmet), the SA and SS are officially granted auxiliary police status.

1933 February 25 Sir Arthur Wauchope, British High Commissioner of Palestine, rejects Arab demands that would make the sale of Arab lands to Jews illegal.

1933 February 26 During a seance in Berlin, Eric Hanussen predicts that a great fire will soon strike a large building in the Capital. An eagle, he said, will rise from the smoke and flames.

1933 February 27 A law is announced recognizing seven Catholic feast days as legal German holidays. (Lewy)

1933 February 27 A huge fire destroys the Reichstag, the seat of German government. Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch Communist, is arrested after he is found bare to the waist inside the Reichstag. During interrogation, the young radical confesses that he set the fire "As a protest," but denies any connection with the Communist Party and swears he alone had set the fires inside the Reichstag. Rudolf Diels, chief of the Prussian political police, tells Hitler that van der Lubbe's confession rings true, but Hitler refuses to believe the arsonist had acted alone and blames the Communist movement as a whole for the troubles that continue to plague Germany. Hitler and Goebbels work from midnight to dawn at the "Völkischer Beobachter"offices preparing the next day's edition, which accuses the Reds of a plot to seize power and setting fire to the Reichstag.

1933 February 28 Hindenburg signs the "Decree for the Protection of the People and the State," which has been quickly drafted by Hitler and his aides. This emergency decree suspends the civil liberties granted by the Weimar Constitution. Free speech, free press, sanctity of the home, security of mail and telephone, freedom to assemble or form organizations and the inviolability of private property are all abolished. It also allows the Nazis to put their political opponents in prison and establish concentration camps.

1933 February 28 The SA and SS quickly begin rounding up German Communists.

1933 March 1 Nazi Germany promulgates decrees covering "Provocation to Armed Conflict" and "Provocation to a General Strike."

1933 March 3 Hitler tells a large audience in Frankfurt that he "will not be crippled by any bureaucracy. I won't have to worry about justice, my mission is only to destroy and exterminate."

1933 March 4 Franklin Delano Roosevelt is inaugurated 32nd U.S. President. John N. Garner becomes Vice President.

1933 March 4 Esterwegen, a concentration camp, opens near Hannover. (Edelheit)

1933 March 4 The Austrian parliament is dissolved.

1933 March 5 The NSDAP receives 44% of the vote (288 seats) in the Reichstag elections. Although the Nazis had a sizable plurality over any other party, they still lacked an absolute majority. The Nazi-Nationalist coalition is required to give them a narrow majority of 52 %. Goebbels is in charge of the Nazi campaign during the elections.

1933 March 5 President Roosevelt soon announces a four-day "bank holiday" that enables the Federal Reserve to reflow income tax receipts into the banking system.

1933 March 5 The SA, Stahlhelm and Schutzpolizei (Protective Police) stage a victory parade in Berlin.

1933 March 6 Monsignor Kaas visits Vice Chancellor Papen, offering to put an end to their old animosities. (Lewy)

1933 March 6 An emergency decree proclaimed by the Nazis, For the Protection of the German People, restricts the opposition press and information services. (Edelheit)

1933 March 6 Marshal Pilsudski sends Polish troops into Danzig, breaking a 1921 agreement that it remain a free city.

1933 March 7 Prescott Bush's American Ship and Commerce Corporation notifies Max Warburg that Warburg is now the corporation's officially designated representative on the board of Hamburg-Amerika Line.

1933 March 7 Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss assumes dictatorial powers.

1933 March 8 Dollfuss suspends freedom of the press in Austria.

1933 March 9 The Bavarian government, headed by Heinrich Held of the Bavarian People's Party, is forced out of office. (Lewy)

1933 March 9 Heinrich Himmler becomes president of Munich's police.

1933 March 9 The U.S. Congress passes the Emergency Banking Relief Act, leading to the establishment of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). (Edelheit)

1933 March 9 Japan withdraws from the League of Nations.

1933 March 9/10 The SA sponsors a series of anti-Jewish riots throughout Germany. KPD headquarter and individual Communists are searched and attacked by the German police.

1933 March 11 The U.S. agrees to participate in a League of Nations commission to consider the Chinese-Japanese dispute.

1933 March 12 The SA stages several incidents along the German-French border.

1933 March 12 President Roosevelt delivers his first "fireside chat."

1933 March 13 Hitler appoints Joseph Goebbels Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. He quickly begins "coordinating" all aspects of cultural life, the press and communications under the control of the Nazi Party. Day after day, Goebbels drills home the messages of blood, race, and glory, all cleverly designed to appeal to the broadest segment of the German masses. Antisemitism was one of his highest priorities and most useful tools.

1933 March 13 Cardinal Faulhaber tells a conference of Bavarian bishops that Pope Pius XI had "publicly praised the Chancellor Adolf Hitler for the stand which the latter had taken against Communism." (Lewy)

1933 March 13 The SA organizes picket lines at court entrances in Breslau to prevent Jewish judges and lawyers access.

1933 March 14 The Communists (KPD) tries to establish an anti-Nazi coalition with the German Social Democratic Party (SPD).

1933 March 15 Brandenburg concentration camp opens near Berlin.

1933 March 16 Dr. Hjalmar Schacht is appointed president of the Reichsbank.

1933 March 17 Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler is established as a 120-man bodyguard contingent of the SS, under Sepp Dietrich. SS-Sonderkommandos (special detachments) are established in all major German cities. (Edelheit)

1933 March 17 Hitler declares himself a man of peace and international cooperation in a speech to the Reichstag.

1933 March 17 Poland protests the mistreatment of Polish Jew in Germany.

1933 March 18 Papen visits Cardinal Bertram, inquiring whether the Church would not revise its stand on Nazism. The Cardinal tells him, ""The act of revising has to be undertaken by the leader of the National Socialists himself." (Lewy)

1933 March 18 Nazis arrest and beat Jews in Oehringen.

1933 March 19 The Jewish War Veterans of America initiates an anti-Nazi boycott.

1933 March 20 Negotiations begin between Hitler and Frick on one side and the Catholic Center Party leaders, Kaas, Stegerwald and Hackelsburger, on the other. The question is: under what conditions would the Center Party vote for an Enabling Act desired by Hitler? (The consent of the Catholic parties was necessary if this act was to receive the required two-thirds majority vote.) (Lewy)

1933 March 20 Himmler announces the opening of a new concentration camp at Dachau, nine miles north of Munich.

1933 March 20 Goering issues orders to the police authorizing the use of force against hostile demonstrators.

1933 March 20 The Reichstag gives Hitler full leadership powers.

1933 March 20 The Jews of Vilna (Vilnius, Lithuania) declare an anti-Nazi boycott. (Edelheit)

1933 March 20 The American Jewish Committee and B'nai B'rith jointly condemn Germany for denying German Jews their basic rights.

1933 March 21 Hitler and Hindenburg attend elaborate ceremonies opening the new Reichstag in Potsdam. Hitler and Goebbels intentionally fail to attend special Catholic services. An official communique explains that they feel obliged to absent themselves because Catholic bishops in a number of recent declarations had called Hitler and members of the NSDAP renegades of the Church, who should not be admitted to the sacraments. "To this day, these declarations have not been retracted and the Catholic clergy continues to act accordingly to them." ("Augsburger Postzeitung")

1933 March 21 The German Comunist Party (KPD) is eliminated, giving the Nazis an absolute majority in the Reichstag. Several Communists are imprisoned at a munitions plant near Oranienburg, nine miles north of Berlin. This camp will close in 1935.

1933 March 21 Germany establishes special courts for political enemies.

1933 March 22 Negotiations between Hitler, Frick and the Center Party are concluded. Hitler promises to continue the existence of the German states, not to use the new grant of power to change the constitution, and to retain civil servants belonging to the Catholic Center Party. Hitler also pledges to protect the Catholic confessional schools and to respect the concordats signed between the Holy See and Bavaria (1924), Prussia (1929) and Baden (1931). Hitler also agrees to mention these promises in his speech to the Reichstag before the vote on the Enabling Act. (Lewy)

1933 March 22 Konzentrationlager (KL) Dachau, a concentration camp for political prisoners, opens near Munich. SA and SS members are deployed as auxiliary policemen to guard the prisoners.

1933 March 22 The Gestapo searches Albert Einstein's apartment in Berlin. (Edelheit)

1933 March 22 Rabbi Stephen S. Wise testifies before the U.S. House of Representative's Immigration Committee.

1933 March 22 A "Stop Hitler, Now" rally at Madison Square Garden in New York City is attended by 20,000 people.

1933 March 23 Goering opens the first session of the new Reichstag and raises the problem of the anti-Nazi boycott.

1933 March 23 Hitler makes his policy statement to the Reichstag, promising to work for peaceful relations with the Catholic Church.

1933 March 23 In the evening session of the Reichstag, Monsignor Kaas announces that the Catholic Center Party, despite some certain misgivings, will vote for the Enabling Act.

1933 March 23 With Catholic Center Party support, the Enabling Act is passed by the Reichstag, transferring the power of legislation from the Reichstag to the cabinet. The Enabling Act gives Hitler the power to pass his own laws, independent of the President or anyone else; making Hitler more powerful than any Kaiser in German History.

1933 March 23 Spain outlaws Fascist propaganda.

1933 March 24 Monsignor Kaas leaves Berlin for a brief visit to Rome, supposedly to discuss problems in the former German territory of Eupen-Malmedy. (Lewy)

1933 March 24 The World Alliance for Combatting Antisemitism calls for a boycott of German goods and services, to last until the Nazis stop persecuting German Jews. (Edelheit)

1933 March 25 Cardinal Bertram writes a list of proposed instructions to the clergy. He has now joined the group of bishops who favor withdrawing the various prohibitions imposed on the Nazi party. (Lewy)

1933 March 25 The Bavarian Ministry of Justice replaces Jewish judges in disciplinary and criminal cases.

1933 March 25 Goering publicly denies mistreatment of Jews and political opponents.

1933 March 27 Max Warburg writes a letter assuring Harriman and his associates at Brown Brothers Harriman that the Hitler government is good for Germany. "I feel perfectly convinced that there is no cause for any alarm whatsoever," Warburg concludes. (Warburgs)

1933 March 27 The American Jewish Congress sponsors a mass anti-Nazi demonstration in New York City.

1933 March 28 The German Catholic episcopate, organized in the Fulda Bishop's Conference, withdraws its earlier prohibition against membership in the Nazi party, and admonishes the faithful to be both loyal and obedient to the new Nazi regime. (Lewy)

1933 March 28 A large protest rally is held in Tel Aviv against the persecution of German Jews by the Nazis.

1933 March 29 Max Warburg's son, Erich, sends a cable to his cousin, Frederick M. Warburg, a director of the Harriman railroad system, asking him to "use all your influence" to stop all anti-Nazi activity in America, including "atrocity news and unfriendly propaganda in foreign press, mass meetings, etc."

1933 March 30 Cardinal Faulhaber agrees to accept the text proposed by Bertram on the 25th. Thus this important proclamation appears with the backing of all the German bishops. (Lewy)

1933 March 30 Ambassador Diego von Bergen who has returned to Berlin from the Vatican is received by Hindenburg, as well as Hitler.

1933 March 30 President Hindenburg tries to convince Hitler to cancel a planned Nazi boycott against German Jewish shops and businesses. (Edelheit)

1933 March 30 The British House of Lords is the scene of a demonstration against Nazi persecution of German Jews.

1933 March 30 A telephone line linking London with Jerusalem goes into operation.

1933 March 31 The American Jewish Committee and the B'nai B'rith issue a formal, official joint statement, counseling "that no American boycott against Germany be encouraged," and advising "that no further mass meetings be held or similar forms of agitation be employed." (Gottlieb)

1933 March 31 Monsignor Kaas is back in Berlin after being recalled for talks with Hitler. (Bernhard von Bulow; Lewy)

1933 March 31 The Socialist uniformed defense force (Schutzbund) is ordered disbanded by the Austrian government.

1933 March 31 Oranienburg, near Berlin, is officially established as a concentration camp.

1933 March Theodor Eicke returns to Germany from Italy.

1933 April Dr. Edith Stein, a Jewish convert to Catholicism and later known as Sister Teresia Benedicta a Cruce of the Order of the Carmelites, communicates with Pope Pius XI from Germany, expressing grave concerns about the Nazis' antisemitic aims and requesting that the Pontif to issue an encyclical on the Jewish question. Dr. Stein's request is not granted (see August 1942). (Lewy)

1933 April 1 The Catholic Teacher Organization publishes a declaration noting with approval that Adolf Hitler and his movement have overcome the un-German spirit which triumphed in the revolution of 1918. (Lewy)

1933 April 1 Hitler stages a nationwide, one-day boycott of Jewish businesses, physicians and lawyers. Armed SA men are posted in front of Jewish-owned shops and stores to prevent would-be customers from entering. In an effort to silence foreign criticism of Germany's treatment of the Jews, signs are posted in English implying that Jewish claims of persecution are false.(Apparatus)

1933 April 1 Prussian Jews are forbidden to act as notary publics.

1933 April 1 Himmler is appointed chief of the Bavarian Political Police.

1933 April 1 SA men demolish the interior of the Mannheim synagogue.

1933 April 1 Pope Pius XI proclaims holy year.

1933 April 2 The Catholic Worker's Movement declares its readiness to cooperate in the creation of a strong national state and the building of an order at once Christian and German.

1933 April 2 Monsignor Kaas has a private talk with Hitler.

1933 April 3 The Kreuz und Adler (Cross and Eagle) organization is founded by Catholic supporters of the new Nazi state. Formation of this group was initiated by Papen, who assumed the title of Protector.

1933 April 4 The Central Association of Catholic fraternities withdraws its ban on membership in the Nazi party.

1933 April 4 Legislation of anti-Jewish laws begins in Germany.

1933 April 4 Robert Weltsch publishes an article in the Juedische Rundschau (Jewish Review) under the banner headline, "Wear the Yellow Star with Pride," in reaction to the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses in Germany. (Edelheit)

1933 April 6 The Paris Journal publishes a story by a correspondent in Berlin reporting that Germany has made overtures to the Vatican concerning a concordat, one of the main points of which is a provision that would forbid Catholic priests to be candidates for political office. (Lewy)

1933 April 6 Heinrich Bruening succeeds Monsignor Kaas as leader of the Catholic Center Party.

1933 April 7 Monsignor Kaas once again leaves Berlin on a trip to Rome. (Lewy)

1933 April 7 Papen leaves Berlin for Munich. Papen asks Fritz Menshausen to keep the purpose of his trip secret, indicating that he will tell the press he had gone to Rome for a vacation over the Easter holidays.

1933 April 7 The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, a new German Civil Service law, is promulgated. Thousands of Jews are barred from German civil service and judicial positions. All those who earlier had opposed the Nazis are at risk of losing their jobs. Hundreds of Catholics and Communists had already been replaced, and many more are soon to follow.

Note: Jews who were frontline veterans of World War I, those in government service since 1914 and close relatives of fallen soldiers were temporarily exempted by the new law. (Lewy)

1933 April 7 The Law concerning State Governors strips the German states of their autonomous powers. Hitler appoints Reichsstatthälter (Reich governors) in all German states, superceding the regular, elected governments. (Lewy)

1933 April 7 The Law Concerning Admission to the Legal Profession is published in Germany affecting Jewish judges, district attorneys and lawyers.

1933 April 7 Switzerland denies "political fugitive" status to Jews fleeing Germany. (Edelheit)

1933 April 8 Monsignor Kaas secretly meets Papen in Munich. Together they travel on to Rome. Kaas will never again set foot on German soil. (Lewy)

1933 April 8 Zionist leaders, including Chaim Weizmann and Chaim Arlosoroff, meet with Arab leaders from Transjordan at the King David Hotel in Jerusalem.

1933 April 9 Hermann Goering flies directly to Rome from Berlin.

1933 April 9 After Kaas and Papen arrive in Rome, Kaas is the first to be received by Secretary of State Pacelli.

1933 April 10 Papen has a morning meeting with Pacelli. Later in the day, Papen and Goering are received by Pope Pius XI. According to Papen, the Pope tells them that he is pleased the German government now has at itshead "a man uncompromisingly opposed to Communism and Russian nihilism in all its forms." They then begin laying the groundwork for the concordat. Although the purpose of their visit is still secret, the Italian press openly reports that Papen and Goering have been received with great honor. (Lewy)

1933 April 10 Wittmoor concentration camp opens near Hamburg.

1933 April 11 Administration of Dachau concentration camp is taken over by the SS.

1933 April 12 A debate in the British House of Lords considers the fate of German Jews under Nazi rule. The British cabinet considers the Jewish refugee situation.

1933 April 13 Jehovah's Witnesses and their religion are officially suppressed in Bavaria. The Catholic Church accepts the assignment, given it by the Ministry of Education and Religion, to report on any member of the sect still practicing this "forbidden religion." (Lewy)

1933 April 14 Japan begins an anti-Jewish drive in Tokyo. (Edelheit)

1933 April 15 Papen and Kaas meet again with Pacelli. Kaas is subsequently instructed to prepare a draft of the concordat. (Lewy)

1933 April 15 Osthofen concentration camp opens in Hessen.

1933 April 17 Uniformed members of of BETAR (Brith Trumpeldor), a Revisionist Zionist Youth Organization, are attacked by workers and residents of Tel Aviv while marching through the city. (Edelheit)

1933 April 18 Pacelli and Pope Pius XI have a lengthy conversation about the concordat. In the evening, Papen leaves for Berlin.

1933 April 19 The U.S. drops from the gold standard.

1933 April 20 On Hitler's 44th birthday, Monsignor Kaas sends a telegram of congratulations from Rome that is widely published in the German press. Kaas assures Hitler of "unflinching cooperation." This undoubtedly accelerates the movement of Catholics into the Nazi camp. (Lewy)

1933 April 21 Germany enacts a law banning all kosher rituals and prohibiting Jewish ritual slaughter (shechita). (Persecution)

1933 April 21 Rudolf Hess is named Director of the Political Central Committee and deputy fuehrer of the NSDAP. He is authorized to decide all matters concerning the direction of the Party in Hitler's name. (Missing Years)

1933 April 21/22 Anti-Jewish decrees passed by Germany hit a record, numbering 400.

1933 April 22 A law is passed dismissing all "non-Aryan" medical doctors, pharmacists, dentists and dental technicians from German hospitals, clinics and public health centers.

1933 April 24 Baron von Ritter, the Bavarian ambassador at the Vatican reports to Berlin that Monsignor Kaas and the Papal Secretary of State are in constant touch with each other. "There can be no doubt that Cardinal Pacelli (the future Pope Pius XII) approves of a policy of sincere cooperation by the Catholics within the framework of the Christian Weltanschauung (world view) in order to benefit and lead the National Socialist Movement." (Lewy)

1933 April 25 The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute receives a letter from the Ministry of the Interior containing directions that the law for the restoration of the professional civil service be applied to the society's employees. Two days later, the Secretary General instructs the directors to carry out these measures. (Science)

1933 April 25 The Law for Preventing Overcrowding in German Schools and colleges is promulgated, limiting admittance to 1.5 percent for "non-Aryans" seeking higher education.

1933 April 26 Hitler tells Bishop Berning and Monsignor Steinmann, representatives of the Catholic Church in Germany, that he is only going to do to the Jews what the Church of Rome has been trying to do without success for over 1,500 years. (Lewy)

(Note: Hitler stated that he was personally convinced of the great power and significance of Christianity and would not permit the founding of another religion. For this reason, he said, he had parted company with General Ludendorff, and stressed that Rosenberg's anticlerical book was no concern of his -- since it was a private publication. Being a Catholic himself, Hitler added, he would not tolerate another Kulturkampf and the rights of the Church would be left intact. (Lewy)

1933 April 26 The Gestapo begins functioning as a state sanctioned terror organization. (Edelheit)

1933 April 27 A British-German trade agreement is signed.

1933 April 28 Cordell Hull assures representatives of American Jewish organizations that the U.S. State Department will continue to monitor the Jewish situation in Germany.

1933 April 29 David Ben-Gurion is attacked by members of BETAR, the Zionist youth movement, in Riga, Latvia. (Edelheit)

1933 May An agreement is reached in Berlin between Hjalmar Schacht, Hitler's economics minister, and John Foster Dulles, the international attorney for literally dozens of Nazi enterprises. This new pact calls for all Nazi trade and commerce with the U.S. to be coordinated with The Harriman International Co., headed by Averell Harriman's first cousin, Oliver. Max Warburg and Kurt von Schroeder are also involved in the negotiations.

1933 May 1 Hitler holds a massive May Day celebration for German workers.

1933 May 2 On Hitler's orders, all independent and Socialist trade unions in Germany are closed down and dissolved. The remains are united into the German Labor Front (DAF). (Lewy, Edelheit)

1933 May 2-3 The central board of the Association of Catholic Young men decides that "the fact of belonging to the Jungmännerverein in principle does not rule out membership in the NSDAP, including its various formations (SA, SS etc.)." Soon afterward, the Nazi party forbids simultaneous membership in Catholic and National Socialist organizations. (Roth, Katholische Jugend)

1933 May 2 Germany outlaws the German Communist Party (KPD).

1933 May 3 Sachsenburg (Sachsen) concentration camp goes into operation.

1933 May 4 The Nazis publish a second ordinance of the Law for the Restoration of the Civil Service.

1933 May 5 University students in Cologne burn book concerning Judaism or written by Jewish authors.

1933 May 6 The Reich Minister of Justice, Gürtner, speaks to his colleagues in state governments: "I should like to ask you all to consider whether you can envisage any legislative procedure whereby we can prevent marriages of mixed race." (Science)

1933 May 6 Teachers dismissed due to the Law for the Restoration of the Civil Service, now lose their licenses to teach or lecture.

1933 May 8 English Revisionists repudiate Vladimir (Zeev) Jabotinsky, founder of BETAR and HA-ZOHAR. (Edelheit)

1933 May 10 The property of the Social Democratic Party is confiscated on Hitler's order. (Lewy)

1933 May 10 Goebbels and his Propaganda Ministry sponsor a book burning session in Berlin. Thousands of books by Jewish authors and those that the Nazis consider un-German are fed to the flames. Similar burnings occur throughout Germany. (Edelheit)

1933 May 10 The American Jewish Congress stages an anti-Nazi parade through lower Manhattan.

1933 May 10 A large anti-Nazi rally is held at the Trocadero in Paris.

1933 May 11 The French Senate holds discussions on the German situation.

1933 May 12 The Young Reform Movement is founded in Germany by Reverend Martin Niemoeller.

1933 May 12 The U.S. dollar is devalued by 50 percent.

1933 May 12 Nazis seize local trade union headquarters in Danzig.

1933 May 15 Erbhoefe, a Nazi law regarding hereditary domains is published, No Jew or Negro can be part of these family holdings. (Edelheit)

1933 May 17 Hitler makes his first major "peace" speech, denying his intent to subject other nations to German domination.

1933 May 17 Strikes and walkouts are banned in Germany.

1933 May 17 Spain nationalizes church property and bans church-run schools.

1933 May 17 The Bernheim Petition is submitted to the League of Nations.

1933 May 18 The general secretary of the Catholic Journeyman's Association invites Hitler to a national meeting of apprentices to be held in Munich the following month. (Bundesarchiv, Koblenz)

1933 May 18 The Central British Fund for German Jewry is established in London.

1933 May 23 Church leaders in Holland protest Nazi treatment of Jews.

1933 May 23 Republican Congressman Louis T. McFadden of Pennsylvania brings impeachment charges against the Federal Reserve Board, the agency he says that caused the Stock Market Crash of 1929, with these charges, among others:

"I charge them... with having... taken over $80,000,000,000 (eighty billion dollars) from the United States government in the year 1928....

I charge them... with having arbitrarily and unlawfully raised and lowered the rates on money... increased and diminished the volume of currency in circulation for the benefit of private interests...."

I charge them... with having conspired to to transfer to foreigners and international money lenders title to and control of the financial resources of the United States....

It was a carefully contrived occurrence... The international bankers sought to bring about a condition of despair here so that they might emerge as the rulers of us all. (Congressional Record May 23, 1933)

1933 May 26 Some 1,200 Protestant clergymen in the U.S. sign a manifesto protesting Nazi treatment of Jews and others.

1933 May 27 The World's Fair opens in Chicago.

1933 May 28 Nazis in Danzig win a majority (50.3%) in Volkstag (Senate) elections.

1933 May 29 Congressman McFadden makes a violent attack on the Jews of America in a speech in the U.S. Congress. Rabbi Lee J. Levinger has characterized this speech as the first evidence of political antisemitism in the United States (Anti-Semitism: Yesterday and Tomorrow, 1936).

(Note: Two assassination attempts by gunfire were made on McFadden's life. He later died a few hours after attending a banquet. Rumors persist that he was poisoned) (Larson)

1933 May 29 A manifesto calling for a worldwide action to save German Jews is published by Lord Cecil, David Lloyd George, General Jan Smuts, Sir Herbert Samuel, Chaim Weizmann, Peter Warburg, M. Rotenburg and Nahum Sokolow. (Edelheit)

1933 May 30 The Council of the League of Nations censures Germany for its anti-Jewish actions in Upper Silesia.

1933 May 31 A confrontation breaks out between BETAR members and Ha-Poel in Haifa. (Edelheit)

1933 June Unity Mitford joins the British Union of Fascists.

1933 June 1 A Chinese-Japanese armistice is signed.

1933 June 2 Chaim Arlosoroff and Selig Brodestsky meet with British colonial minister Philip Cunliffe-Lister regarding aid to German Jews.

1933 June 3 Pope Pius XI declares "Universally is known the fact that the Catholic Church is never bound to one form of government more than to another, provided the divine rights of God and of Christian conscience are safe. She does not find any difficulty in adapting herself to various civil institutions, be they monarchic or republican, aristocratic or democratic." (Lewy)

1933 June 7 In Rome, the four Big Powers, France Britain, Italy and Germany sign the Quadripartite Pact of Guarantee proposed by Mussolini, a reinvigoration of the Locarno Pact. All parliaments will ratify this new pact except for France, which rejects it and therefore prevents it from coming into force.

1933 June 7 The Central Fund for German Jewry is established by Va'ad Leumi, with Henrietta Szold as chairwoman.

1933 June 8 The first plenary session of the Central Fund for German Jewry opens in Jerusalem. (Edelheit)

1933 June 8-10 An all-German meeting of Catholic Journeymen held in Munich is broken up by force. (See May 18)

1933 June 12 The World Monetary and Economic Conference opens in London with 64 nations in attendance.

1933 June 15 At the first public meeting of the Kreuz and Adler (Cross and Eagle) in Berlin, Papen calls for the overcoming of liberalism and characterized the Third Reich as a "Christian counterrevolution to 1789." (Lewy)

1933 June 16 The National Industry Recovery Act (NRA) passes in the United States.

1933 June 16 Papen informs Ambassador Bergen that Hitler has agreed to his going to Rome to complete negotiations for the concordat in person.

1933 June 16 Zionist Labor leader Chaim Arlosoroff is assassinated in Tel Aviv.

1933 June 16 German statistics for "believing Jews in the Reich, not including the Saar, are officially put at 499,682. (Edelheit)

1933 June 19 Leon Trotsky is granted political asylum in France.

1933 June 21 The Stahlhelm is absorbed by the Nazis.

1933 June 21 Austria passes anti-Nazi measures.

1933 June 22 The German Social Democrat Party (SPD) is outlawed by the Nazis.

1933 June 22 Goering issues a decree instructing all government employees to spy on each other.

1933 June 24 The German Congress of Christian Trade Unions is dissolved.

1933 June 24 The Association of Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany states that they have no quarrel with the Nazi regime and its principles except for swearing an oath of loyalty to Hitler.

1933 June 26 The Federation of Jewish Communities of Switzerland and the Berne Jewish Community bring an action against five members of the Swiss National Front, seeking a judgment that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion are a forgery and a prohibition of their publication. (See May 14, 1935)

1933 June 26 The Academy of German Law is established.

1933 June 27 An anti-Nazi demonstration at Queen's Hall in London is addressed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cosmo Gordon Lang.

1933 June 28 Goebbels, threatening force, publicly demands the dissolution of the Catholic Center Party.

1933 June 28 The Democrats (Staatspartei) dissolve themselves.

1933 June 29 Franz von Papen leaves Berlin for Rome.

1933 June 29 Bruening tells the British Ambassador in Berlin, Sir Horace Rumbold, that the Catholic Center Party will probably dissolve itself the following day. (Lewy)

1933 June 30 Alfred Hugenberg, leader of the German Nationalists, resigns from the Cabinet while his aides begin liquidating the party.

1933 July Hitler tells Winifred Wagner that once he and the Nazis have achieved full power he will dissolve all the monasteries and confiscate church property.

1933 July 1 Hitler telephones Papen in Rome with instructions, authorizing Papen to tell Pacelli that after the conclusion of the Concordat he "would arrange for a thorough and full pacification between the Catholic portion of the people and the Reich government," and that he "would be willing to put a finish to the story of past political developments." (Lewy)

1933 July 1 Jewish student organizations are abolished in Germany.

1933 July 1 Dollfuss threatens to implement strong measures aginst Austrian Nazis if they don't cease their anti-Jewish campaign.

1933 July 1 A conference of German housewives in Berlin excludes all Jewish women from its membership.

1933 July 1 Francois Coty, publisher of a chain of French newspapers, is found guilty by a French court for having committed libel against a number of Jewish war veteran organizations. (Edelheit)

1933 July 2 Final agreement on the concordat is reached despite the news of continuing arrests of priests in Germany. Papen reports Pius XI "had insisted on the conclusion of the Concordat because he wanted to come to an agreement with Italy and Germany as the countries which, in his opinion, represented the nucleus of the Christian world."

1933 July 3 Papen cables German foreign minister Konstantin von Neurath, "In the discussions which I had with Pacelli, Archbishop Groeber, and Kaas this evening, it developed that with the conclusion of the Concordat, the dissolution of the Center Party is regarded here as certain and is approved."

1933 July 3 Roosevelt rejects the World Monetary and Economic Conference's stabilization plan.

1933 July 3 Statutory religious organizations throughout Germany are forbidden to employ Jews. (Edelheit)

1933 July 4 The Bavarian People's Party dissolves itself.

1933 July 4 The Pact of Definition of Aggression is signed in London, between Soviet Russia, her neighbors, and several other nations.

1933 July 4 Zionist leaders decide that the proceedings of the Eighteenth Zionist Congress to be held in Prague are conducted in Hebrew instead of German. (Edelheit)

1933 July 5 The Catholic Center Party publishes its decree of dissolution.Only the Nazis remain as an active political party in the Reichstag.

1933 July 5 Cardinal Faulhaber complains to the Bavarian Council of Ministers that almost one hundred priests had been arrested in the last few weeks. (Lewy)

1933 July 5 Kemma (Rheinland) concentration camp goes into operation.

1933 July 5 The president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, Neville Laski, publicly opposes anti-Nazi street demonstrations and boycotts.

1933 July 6 Jewish lawyers in Germany are warned to stay away from courts, presumably for their own protection.

1933 July 6 Jewish students attending German universities are limited to 1.5 percent of the total student body.

1933 July 6 A Nazi order dissolves the 42-year-old German Non-Jewish Association for Combatting Antisemitism. (Edelheit)

1933 July 7 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, already recognized worldwide as a antisemitic forgery, becomes an official textbook in the Berlin school system.

1933 July 7 SA men force Jewish owned stores in Dortmund to close.

1933 July 7 The Gestapo raids the Berlin offices of the Relief Organization of German Jews.

1933 July 7 A number of universities throughout Germany announce that Jewish students who have already matriculated will not receive their degrees. (Edelheit)

1933 July 8 In the late hours of the evening, Ambassador Bergen informs the Foreign Ministry by telegram,"Concordat was initialed this evening at 6 o'clock by the Vice Chancellor and the Cardinal Secretary of State."

1933 July 9 Hitler releases a public statement on the Concordat. The world learns that a Concordat has been initialed by Nazi Germany and the Holy See. Public opinion generally regards this as a great diplomatic victory for Hitler, but the Papal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII, has himself worked toward this very goal since 1920 when he was first appointed Papal Nuncio in Germany. (Lewy)

1933 July 10 A National Peasant Government in Romania begins what Prince Michael Sturdza will later call the "first Calinescu terror" against the Legion of St. Michael and the Romanian Legionary Movement.

1933 July 10 Die Brucke (The Bridge), a New York based Nazi newspaper, begins publication.

1933 July 10 The London Daily Mail, England's largest daily newspaper, prints an editorial justifying Hitler's anti-Jewish policy.

1933 July 11 Wilhelm Frick, German Minister of the Interior, announces that "the German revolution is terminated."

1933 July 12 Germany blocks the bank accounts of all German-Jewish relief agencies.

1933 July 13 The reorganized German Evangelical Church announces that it will not apply the "Aryan Clause" to its membership requirements.

1933 July 14 The German Cabinet approves the Concordat with the Vatican. During the deliberations, Hitler stresses the significance of the Concordat, especially "in the urgent fight against the international Jews. Possible shortcomings in the Concordat can be rectified later when the foreign policy situation is better." (Lewy)

1933 July 14 In the same cabinet session that approves the Concordat, the new government approves the "Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring." It allows for compulsory sterilization in cases of "congenital mental defects, schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, hereditary epilepsy, and severe alcoholism." It will not be announced until July 25, so as not to jeopardize the signing of the Concordat. (Science; Lewy)

1933 July 14 A law against the creation of any new political parties and 'The Law on Plebiscites" are passed. All political opposition to Nazism is now outlawed and it becomes the one and only political party in Germany.

1933 July 14 The Nazis also pass the Law on the Revocation of Naturalization and Deprivation of German Citizenship of Jews. German citizenship can now be taken away from those designated as "undesirables" (Persecution)

1933 July 14 Dr. Herman Rauschning, Nazi President of the Danzig Senate, is snubbed by Jewish members of the Warsaw city government who refuse to participate in an official reception held in his honor.

1933 July 15 Germany signs the Four Powers Pact with France, Great Britain and Italy. (Lewy)

1933 July 15 Britain's Lord Alfrd Melchett converts to Judaism. (Edelheit)

1933 July 17 Elections for delegates to the Eighteenth World Zionist Congress are held in Palestine.

1933 July 17 The United People's Conference against Fascism is held in Los Angeles.

1933 July 20 Papen and Pacelli formally sign the Concordat in anelaborate ceremony at the Vatican. Reich Minister of the Interior Frick announces that now the entire German government is now under the control of Adolf Hitler and that the Hitler salute is henceforth to be generally used as the German greeting. A number of contemporary historians consider this to be the day Hitler's dictatorship of Germany actually began.

1933 July 20 The Jewish Economic Conference opens its preliminary session in Amsterdam. It seeks an intensified anti-Nazi boycott.

1933 July 20 More than 30,000 men, women and children jam the streets of London protesting Nazi persecution of German Jews. That same day, the Academic Assistance Council is organized to aid expelled German Jewish scholars.

1933 July 21 The SA arrests 300 Jewish store owners in Nuremberg and parades them through the streets for hours.

1933 July 21 The Board of the Federation of Synagogues in London votes to endorse the anti-Nazi boycott.

1933 July 22 The text of the Concordat is released to the press. A secret annex is never announced to the public, or even to party members (see August 29, 1939).

1933 July 22 Colditz (Sachsen) concentration camp goes into operation.

1933 July 23 The Board of Deputies of British Jews rejects a proposal to join the anti-Nazi boycott. (Edelheit)

1933 July 24 The "Völkischer Beobachter" describes the Concordat as a most solemn recognition of National Socialism by the Catholic Church. (Lewy)

1933 July 24 The Federation of Polish Jews in America pledges support for the anti-Nazi boycott.

1933 July 25 Passage of the "Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring" is publicly announced. It will officially go into effect on January 1, 1934.

1933 July 26 Oliver Locker-Lampson proposes a bill in the House of Commons granting Palestinian citizenship to all "stateless" Jews.

1933 July 27 In London, the World Monetary and Economic Conference ends in failure. Roosevelt's lack of support was largely responsible.

1933 July 27 The Dutch Ministry of Justice allows the Committee for Jewish Interests to hold a lottery to benefit German Jewish refugees.

1933 July 28 The German state of Thuringia expels all Jewish teachers and orders disbandment of the Jewish Student's Association.

1933 July 29 Professor Fischer, recently elected as Rector of the University of Berlin, in which capacity he is responsible for signing his Jewish colleagues' dismissal notices, says in his inaugural address: "The new leadership, having only just taken over the reins of power, is deliberately and forcefully intervening in the course of history and in the life of the nation, precisely where this intervention is most urgently, most decisively, and most immediately needed. To be sure, this need can only be perceived by those who are able to see and to think within a biological framework, but it is understood by these people to be a matter of the gravest and most weighty concern. This intervention can be characterized as a biological population policy, biological in this context signifying the safeguarding by the state of our hereditary endowment and our race, as opposed to the unharnessed processes of heredity, selection, and elimination." (Science)

1933 July 29 Germany revokes the citizenship of naturalized eastern European Jews.

1933 July 30 The Hungarian government suppresses publication of Nemzet Szava (the Nation's Voice), the official organ of Hungarian Nazis.

1933 July 30 The Venizelist press in Greece begins an anti-Jewish campaign.

1933 August 1 A Nazi decree prohibits non-Jewish doctors from professional contact with Jewish physicians.

1933 August 2 Colonel Graham Seton Hutchinson begins publication ofThe National Worker, a pro-Nazi periodical.

1933 August 2 The Breslau Jewish Community News is closed by the Nazis.

1933 August 3 Osthofen concentration camp is closed by the Gestapo.

1933 August 3 Police in Toronto, Canada, begin investigating the antisemitic Swastika Club.

1933 August 4 The International Committee for the Protection of Academic Freedom is established in Paris.

1933 August 5 The German Lawyers' Association threatens to boycott German firms still employing Jewish lawyers.

1933 August 5 Poland signs an agreement with Danzig.

1933 August 5 Authorities in Hamburg order the removal of the Heinrich Heine monument from the city park.

1933 August 7 Jews in Nuremberg are forbidden to use the municipal baths and swimming pools.

1933 August 8 A Nazi decree grants Staatenlose (stateless) status to some 10,000 Jews of eastern European origin who had been deprived of their German citizenship in July.

1933 August 11 The Supreme Representative Committee of German Jewry establishes a farm to train unemployed Jews for agricultural employment.

1933 August 11 The Hamburg Federation of Grain Merchants, an organization with a large Jewish membership is "Aryanized."

1933 August 14 Women Against the Persecution of Jews in Germany, a committee of non-Jews, announces its establishment in New York City.

1933 August 16 The American Jewish Congress sends an open letter to President von Hindenburg urging him to dismiss Hitler as Chancellor.

1933 August 19 Mussolini meets with Dollfuss at the Italian-Austrian border.

1933 August 19 Houghton Mifflin Company of Boston publishes Hitler's Mein Kampf in English translation.

1933 August 20 The American Jewish Congress joins the anti-Nazi Boycott.

1933 August 21 The Eighteenth Zionist Congress opens in Prague where attendants discuss the Nazi takeover of Germany, the growing persecution of German Jews, the assassination of Arlosoroff, the economic situation of the Yishuv and the conflict between the Labor Party and the Revisionists. The Congress will continue until September 4.

1933 August 22 The Gestapo suspends Centralverein Zeitung publication. (Edelheit)

1933 August 23-29 Jewish atheletes from 14 countries participate in the World Maccabee games held in Prague.

1933 August 24 Nazis prohibit the German-Jewish Maccabee team from participating in the World Maccabee games.

1933 August 25 Romanian military authorities in Czernowitz suspend the Yiddish daily, Der Tog, for criticizing the government.

1933 May 27 Czechoslovakian Revisionists establish the Jewish State Party at their first conference in Prague.

1933 August 29 Chaim Weizmann declines the presidency of the World Zionist Organization but agrees to chair the campaign fund for the settlement of German Jews in Palestine.

1933 August 30 The Union of German National Jews in a published statement blames the World Zionist Organization for German Jewry's present predicament. (Edelheit)

1933 September Genetic Health Courts are organized set up through out Germany. Beginning in January 1934, they will eventually order the sterilization of almost 400,000 German citizens. (32,268 during 1934; 73,174 in 1935; 63,547 in 1936. In the U.S. 60,166 people were sterilized from 1907-1958) (Lewy)

1933 September Karl Maria Wiligut joins the SS under the pseudonym Karl Maria Weisthor and is appointed head of a department for Pre- and Early History within the SS Race and Resettlement Main Office in Munich. He had earlier been personally introduced to Himmler by his old friend Richard Anders.

1933 September 1 The German government approves the Haavara (Transfer) Agreement with the Jewish settlement in Palestine, enabling the transfer of a small percentage of Jewish capital to Palestine in the form of German goods.

1933 September 2 The Soviet Union and Italy sign a pact outlining non-agression, friendship and neutrality.

1933 September 2 Centralverein Zeitung resumes publication.

1933 September 4 Fuhlsbuettel (Hamburg) concentration camp is opened.

1933 September 5 The Hamburg Amerika Line is merged, under Nazi supervision, with the North German Lloyd Company. The new line is renamed Hapag-Lloyd.

1933 September 5 The "Aryan Clause" is adopted by the old Prussian church Synod.

1933 September 5 The World Jewish Congress preliminary conference convenes in Geneva, Switzerland.

1933 September 6 Austria deploys its army along the German border.

1933 September 8 The Second World Jewish Congress joins the anti-Nazi boycott.

1933 September 9 Papal Secretary of State Pacelli, at the request of Cardinal Bertram, puts in "a word on behalf of those German Catholics" who are of Jewish descent and for this reason suffering "social and economic difficulties." The future Pope Pius XII makes no other mention of the "Jewish question." (Lewy)

1933 September 10 The Concordat becomes final when documents of ratification are exchanged between Cardinal Pacelli and German Charge d'Affaires Eugen Klee. (Lewy)

1933 September 11 Hungary prohibits the use or display of the swastika by private citizens or organizations.

1933 September 12 Cardinal Bertram submits a letter of protestconcerning the "Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring" to Minister of the Interior Frick.

1933 September 14 The Ministry of Education in Holland establishes a numerous clausus based on race for foreign students attending Dutch universities.

1933 September 15 Chancellor Dollfuss, addressing the Austrian Fatherland Front, proposes a "Christian German state on Fascist lines," but without discrimination against Jews.

1933 September 17 The State Representation of German Jews is established by order of the Gestapo.

1933 September 18 The Nazi-dominated Danzig Senate guarantees basic rights to Poles living in the Free City.

1933 September 21 The Pastor's Emergency League is founded by Martin Niemoeller.

1933 September 22 The State Chamber of Culture Law is passed, reestablishing a Reich Chamber of Culture. "Non-Aryans" are restrained from participating in German culture, the arts, literature, music and related fields.

1933 September 24 Jewish lawyers are banned from the German Bar Congress.

1933 September 25 The Relief Conference for german Jews, meeting in Rome under the chairmanship of Chaim Weizmann, adopts a resolution to open special ofices in Jerusalem and London dealing with settlement of German Jewish refugees in Palestine.

1933 September 27 Ludwig Müller (Mueller), bishop of Prussia and a confidant of Hitler, is named Reichsbishop.

1933 September 27 The Canadian garment industry joins the anti-Nazi boycott.

1933 September 29 Hitler excludes all Jews from agriculture and establishes the Reich Chambers of Culture, instituting mandatory guilds for employees in the fields of film, theater, music, the fine arts and journalism under the control of Joseph Goebbels, who forbids Jews from joining the guilds, and thus, from working. (Apparatus)

1933 September 29 The Dutch government sponsors a resolution urging the League of Nations to formulate plans for an international solution to the German refugee problem.

1933 September 30 One hundred fifty-five Jewish traders are ousted from the Berlin Stock Exchange.

1933 October 1 Theodore Eicke, commandant of Dachau, publishes "Disciplinary Camp Regulations," It will later be used as a guide for the expanding Nazi concentration camp system.

1933 October 1 A Nazi approved Jewish Cultural Society is established in Germany.

1933 October 1 Nine high-ranking Wehrmacht generals critical of Hitler are forced to retire.

1933 October 2 Jewish military personnel are purged from the German army and navy.

1933 October 2 The first group of Jewish refugees esaping Germany arrives in Brazil.

1933 October 3 An assassination attempt is made against Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss.

1933 October 3 A British court indicts ten Brit ha-Biryonim (Covenant of Terrorists) members in the Arlosoroff murder. (Edelheit)

1933 October 4 Albert Einstein addresses a crowd of 10,000 in London's Albert Hall during the opening of a campaign to collect $5,000,000 for exiled German scientists.

1933 October 5 The British Labor Party endorses the anti-Nazi boycott.

1933 October 5 Vandals paint Swastikas and antisemitic slogans on New York City's Temple Emmanuel.

1933 October 8 The St. Louis, Missouri, chapter of the Fiends of New Germany, a pro-Nazi organization, begins operating.

1933 October 8 Anti-Jewish incidents take place in rural Romania.

1933 October 8 All Jewish jockeys are banned from German race tracks.

1933 October 9 The Third all-Polish BETAR conference begins in Warsaw. The delegates wear "brown shirts."

1933 October 10 President Roosevelt sends a letter to Mikhail Kalinin proposing the establishment of diplomatic relations between the U.S. and U.S.S.R.

1933 October 11 The American Federation of Labor (AFL) joins the anti-Nazi boycott.

1933 October 11 U.S. Ambassador Christopher Dodd criticizes the Nazi regime during an addresses to the American Chamber of Commerce in Berlin.

1933 October 13 The AFL votes to approve participation in the boycott of German products and services.

1933 October 14 Hitler withdraws Germany from the Disarmament Commission.

1933 October 14 The bishop of the Nazi Christian Church, Ludwig Müller (Mueller), declares that Christianity started as a war against Jews.

1933 October 14 The Gestapo confiscates and liquidates the property of Hagibor, a Jewish sports organization.

1933 October 16 Stephen Tatarescu and others establish the pro-Nazi Christian-Fascist Party in Bucharest.

1933 October 17 Wittmoor concentration camp is closed by the Gestapo.

1933 October 17 Chaim Weizmann meets with King Albert of Belgium to discuss the German-Jewish refugee problem and the need for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

1933 October 19 Germany pledges to protect all foreigners.

1933 October 19 German Zionists and assimilationists clash for control of the Berlin Kehilla (Jewish Community Council).

1933 October 21 Germany withdraws from the League of Nations.

1933 October 23 Martin Buber and 51 other Jewish educators are fired from their positions at German universities.

1933 October 25 Edouard Daladier's cabinet falls from power in France.

1933 October 27 The French government cancels orders issued by local municipal authorities to expel German Jewish refugees.

1933 October 28 Gustav Ranzenhoffer, Austrian High Court Justice, demands a numerus clausus for Jews in all professions.

1933 October 28 The Nazis boast that their antisemitic propaganda has inspired Arab riots in Palestine.

1933 October 29 The Conference for Relief of German Jewry opens in London.

1933 October 29 The antisemitic Gray Shirt movement is established in South Africa.

1933 October 30 The antisemitic White Shirts movement is founded in Ottawa, Canada.

1933 October 30 James G. McDonald is appointed League of Nations High Commissioner for the Relief of Refugees.

1933 November 1 The Conference for Relief of German Jewry closes in London. It has adopted resolutions calling for Palestine to be the primary location for resettling Jewish refugees and the establishment of a central allocation committtee and a central bureau to coordinate the work of the various groups dealing with German-Jewish problems.

1933 November 2 Martin Niemoeller speaks out against the anti-Jewish laws enacted within the churches in Germany.

1933 November 3 Himmler and his staff visit Wewelsburg castle near Paderborn in Westphalia. Himmler decides to acquire it for the SS that same evening. (Roots)

1933 November 3 Archbishop Groeber and Bishop Berning report that the government is willing to exempt the directors of Catholic institutions from the duty of applying for the sterilization of patients under their care. (Lewy)

1933 November 6 The Conference of Anglo-Jewish organizations in London approves the anti-Nazi boycott.

1933 November 7 Hitler has Goering deliver a letter to Mussolini in Rome, thanking him for his efforts on "a fair handling of international relations" and informing him of the Reich's position in respect to disarmament. (Domarus)

1933 November 7 Fiorello LaGuardia is elected mayor of New York City.

1933 November 7 The German-Christian movement publicly announces its total acceptance of National Socialist totalitarian dogma at a large rally in the Berlin Sportspalast.

1933 November 8Hitler takes part in various gatherings of Alte Kämpfer, (old fighters) in Munich, including meetings in the Braunes Haus (Strosstrupp Hitler) and the Sternecker, the birthplace of the NSDAP.

1933 November 9 A huge Blutzeuge celebration is held in Munich. At midday, the march from the Bürgerbräukeller over the Ludwig Bridge to the Feldherrnhalle -- which had ended so badly in 1923 -- is reenacted. Hitler and the surviving members of the original march, including the Freikorps fighters (without General Ludendorff) silently trod the same fateful path through the streets of Munich. The Carillon in the city hall played the Horst Wessel Song when the columns reached the Marienplatz. A small bronze memorial honoring the dead of 1923 was unveiled after a moving speech by Hitler, who now planned to make a permanent annual event of this commemoration ceremony. (Domarus)

1933 November 9 At 9 PM, Hitler conducts an oath ceremony for 1,000 recruits of the SS Leibenstandarte Adolf Hitler, 100 men of the Stabswache Goering and fifty members of the Stabswache Roehm. This, too, was now to become an annual event. On the evening of every November 9th, SS recruits would gather and, at Hitler's orders, pledge their oath before the memorial to be willing at all times to give their blood and their lives for him. (Domarus)

1933 November 10 Hitler makes a campaign speech to workers of the Siemens plant in Berlin-Siemensstadt, proclaiming to his audience that he was one of them.

1933 November 10 Martial law is declared in Austria.

1933 November 11 A referendum sponsored by Latvian Nazis urging Latvian voters to deprive Jews of their citizenship rights, fails

1933 November 12 Hitler receives 92% of the vote in new German elections.

1933 November 13 In a meeting with Josef Lipski, the Polish Ambassador in Berlin, Hitler tells him that "any war could bring Communism to Europe. Poland is at the forefront of the fight against Asia. Poland's destruction therefore would be a universal misfortune.The other European governments," Hitler says, "ought to recognize Poland's position."

1933 November 13 The Storm Troopers for Jesus Christ lead a Nazi-style mass demonstration in the Berlin Sportspalast.

1933 November 14 In Romania, Liberal Party leader Ion Duca forms a cabinet.

1933 November 16 Roosevelt recognizes the Soviet Government as the legitimate government of Russia and establishes diplomatic relations.

1933 November 19 The Gestapo confiscates the property of Albert Einstein.

1933 November 21 The Austrian Fatherland Front demands a numerus clausus for all Jews living and working in Austria.

1933 November 21 Hungarian student organizations demand numerus clausus for all Jewish students in Hungary, threatening strikes and demonstraions unless their demands are met.

1933 November 22 Lithuania enacts numerus clausus against all Jewish professionals in academic institutions. The Lithuanian language becomes compulsory in all Jewish schools.

1933 November 23 Romanian Premier Ion Duca outlaws the antisemitic Cuzist Party and the Garda de Fier (Iron Guard).

1933 November 23 The Monarchists are victorious in Spain.

1933 November 24 A law for the protection of animals is passed by the German government. This law explicitly states that it is designed to prevent cruelty and indifference of man towards animals and to awaken and develop sympathy and understanding for animals as one of the highest moral values of a people. The soul of the German people should abhor the principle of mere utility without consideration of the moral aspects. The law further states that all operations or treatments which are associated with pain or injury, especially experiments involving the use of cold, heat, or infection, are prohibited, and can be permitted only under special exceptional circumstances. Special written authorization by the head of the department is necessary in every case, and experimenters are prohibited from performing experiments according to their own free judgment. Experiments for the purpose of teaching must be reduced to a minimum. Medico-legal tests, vaccinations, withdrawal of blood for diagnostic purposes, and trial of vaccines prepared according to well-established scientific principles are permitted, but the animals have to be killed immediately and painlessly after such experiments. Individual physicians are not permitted to use dogs to increase their surgical skill by such practices. National Socialism, the law says, regards it as a sacred duty of German science to keep the number of painful animal experiments to a minimum.

1933 November 24 Jewish students are beaten and harassed at a number of Hungarian universities.

1933 November 25 The League to Combat Antisemitism opens its fourth annual congress in Paris.

1933 November 27 The German Labor Front establishes Kraft durch Freude (Strength through Joy), an agency to provide German workers with Nazi controlled recreation.

1933 November 28 A pogrom at Jassy in Romania is carried out by the Iron Guard.

1933 November 28 The University of Budapest is closed by the government until anti-Jewish disturbances cease.

1933 November 29 Jewish stores in Germany are warned not to display Christmas symbols.

1933 November 30 Goering removes the Gestapo from the control of the Interior Ministry.

1933 December 1 The German cabinet passes a law "to ensure the unity of Party and State." Hitler declares that the German state and the Nazi Party are one by law.

1933 December 2 The Romanian Jewish Self-defense Organization repulses Iron Guard attacks on the Jewish quarter of Jassy.

1933 December 2 British Fascists in Liverpool paint swastikas on Prince Synagogue.

1933 December 4 Cardinal Faulhaber denounces Nazi racial teachings.

1933 December 5 Regulations for the enforcement of the German sterilization law are issued. Persons suffering from hereditary diseases can be exempted from sterilization if they have committed themselves or are already confined in an institution. Physicians objecting on grounds of conscience are not obligated to conduct or assist in sterilizations. (Lewy)

1933 December 5 Prohibition is repealed in the United States.

1933 December 6 More than 20,000 Nazi sympathizers celebrate "German Day" in New York's Madison Square Garden.

1933 December 7 Lord Robert Cecil is elected chairman of the Governing Body of German Refugees.

1933 December 7 Vice Chancellor von Papen urges German-Americans to act as Nazi propagandists.

1933 December 9 Hundreds of Spaniards are killed and wounded when the Monarchist government crushes an anarchist uprising.

1933 December 10 The Legionary Movement in Romania is dissolved for a third time. More than 20,000 members of the Legion of St. Michael are arrested. Some are executed and hundreds are tortured and beaten.

1933 December 15 Austrians are asked by Catholic leaders to do their Christmas shopping in non-Jewish stores.

1933 December 18 A Nazi decree bars Jews from the field of journalism and associated professions.

1933 December 20 A government headed by Ion Duca wins at the polls in Romania.

1933 December 20 The Aryan Lawyers' Association demands that the Austrian Ministry of Justice expel all Jewish lawyers. (Edelheit)

1933 December 21 The Italian Jewish community receives permission from the Fascist government to launch a fund-raising drive to aid German-Jewish refugees.

1933 December 23 Marinus van der Lubbe is found guilty of arson and sentenced to death for setting the Reichstag fire. (See February 27)

1933 December 23 Pope Pius XI condemns the Nazi sterilization program. (Edelheit)

1933 December 24 Henry Ford denies being an antisemite and states that he never gave financial aid to Hitler or the Nazis.

1933 December 26 The Kantarschi Synagogue in Jassy is burned down by the Romanian Iron Guard.

1933 December 29 Ion Duca, Romanian Prime Minister, is assassinated by three members of the Romanian Iron Guard (Legionaries).

1933 December 29 Hohnstein (Sachsen) concentration camp is opened.

1933 December 31 President Roosevelt appoints Henry Morgenthau, Jr. as Secretary of the Treasury.

1933 More than 50,000 Jews demonstrate against the Nazis in London's Hyde Park -- calling for war aginst Germany. (1933, History Year by Year, History Channel)

1933 Rudolf von Sebottendorff returns to Munich to revive the Thule Society in the Third Reich. He quickly falls into disfavor with the Nazi authorities because of his claims as a precursor of National Socialism. (Roots)

1933 Otto Rahn publishes Crusade Against the Grail. Himmler greatly admires the book, and it soon becomes required SS reading.

1933 Roosevelt appoints Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., to the Industrial Advisory Board as liaison officer with the National Recovery Administration.

1933 Jorg Lanz von Liebenfels leaves Hungary and relocates to Switzerland where he issues a newseries of his writings from Lucerne. In Germany Lanz's works are printed at Barth near the Darss peninsula and distributed from the nearby Hertesburg under Georg Hauerstein's auspices until 1935. (Roots)

1933 Joseph Goebbels is appointed as minister of propaganda for the Nazi party.

1933 Norwegian fascist leader Vidkun Quisling founds the National Union party.

1933 The Public Works Administration (PWA) is formed to fund public construction projects.

1933 Of the 38 Germans who had won Nobel Prizes prior to 1933, eleven were German Jews.

1933 The Ahnenerbe, the Society for the Study of Ancestral Heritages, is privately founded by Frederick Hielscher, a mystic and friend of Swedish explorer Sven Hedin, who himself was closely associated with Karl Haushofer. (Pauwels)

1934 January 1 Hitler writes a letter of gratitude to his friend, Ernst Roehm.

1934 January 1 All Jewish holidays are removed from official German calendars.

1934 January 2 A German law is passed for sterilization of the "unfit."

1934 January 6 Catholic worshippers are told at services that according to Catholic doctrine it is forbidden to volunteer for sterilization or apply for the sterilization of another. "We appreciate every consideration for the basic principle." (Lewy)

1934 January 6 George Tatarescu, Romania's new prime minister, promises to eliminate antisemitism throughout the nation.

1934 January 7 Germany bars "non-Aryans" from adopting "Aryan" children.

1934 January 9 A student union in Budapest calls for a boycott of university classes until anti-Jewish legislation is passed. (Edelheit)

1934 January 10 Marinus van der Lubbe is executed in Leipzig for setting the fire at the Reichstag. (See February 27)

1934 January 10 The government of Holland announces that all government employees belonging to the Nazi Party will be fired immediately.

1934 January 11 The homes of dissident German clergymen are raided by the Gestapo.

1934 January 12 The Gestapo permits the Zionist Federation of Germany to hold a Palestine exhibition in Berlin.

1934 January 15 An antisemitic racial exhibition opens in Munich.

1934 January 15 Goering orders the Gestapo to arrest and question all political emigres and Jews returning to Germany.

1934 January 15 Goebbels demands that all Jews representing German companies abroad be dismissed from their positions.

1934 January 16 The League of Nations protests the treatment of Jews in the Saar and Upper Silesia.

1934 January 19 Kemma concentration camp is closed.

1934 January 21 The Austrian government approves establishment of a Jewish self defense force in Vienna.

1934 January 22 Street fighting breaks out between Communists and Royalists in Paris. Hundreds are arrested by the French police.

1934 January 22 The American Jewish Congress establishes the Merchandising Council to Strengthen Boycott against German Goods and Services. (Edelheit)

1934 January 24 Alfred Rosenberg is appointed deputy of the Fuehrer for the supervision of the spiritual and ideological training of the National Socialist Party. (Lewy)

1934 January 25 Albert Einstein visits with President Roosevelt at the White House.

1934 January 26 Germany and Poland conclude a 10-year non-aggression pact.

1934 January 26 The Zurich Church Council condemns The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.

1934 January 28 Lithuanian police raid kehilla headquarters in Ponivez to squelch the anti-Nazi boycott. (Edelheit)

1934 January 29 The SA issues a warning card on Baron Rudolf von Sebottendorff. (Berlin Document Center; Roots)

1934 January 29 The Pro-Communist New Masses (January 29 and February 5, 1934) publishes an article entitled "Wall Street's Fascist Conspiracy" by John L. Spivak. This article claims that the Warburg family is involved in a fascist conspiracy with the J.P Morgan international banking interests, has opposed the anti-Nazi boycott and controls the American Jewish Committee, while at the same time their Kuhn Loeb and Co. in New York is underwriting Nazi shipping and industrialization. No mention is made of the Warburg family's close connection with Averell Harriman, already a permanent hero of the Soviet Union.

1934 January 30 A Nazi reorganization strips German states of their sovereignty.

1934 January 31 The U.S. dollar is devalued to 60 cents.

1934 February 1 Dollfuss dissolves all rival political parties and establishes one-party rule in Austria. Often described as a proto-Fascist, he is determined to keep Austria independent of both Germany and the Communists.

(Note: A brief but bloody civil war soon breaks out. Socialist resistance to Dollfuss' measures leads to the government's bombardment of Vienna's large Socialist quarter.)

1934 February 1 Police in Vienna outlaw the sale of anti-Jewish or pro-Nazi publications on the streets.

1934 February 2 The Nazis publish a version of the Psalms of David that eliminates all references to Jews.

1934 February 3 Liberation, an antisemitic publication, publishes the text of a speech supposedly given by Benjamin Franklin during the U.S. Constitutional Convention (1787-1788) in which he is alleged to have remarked that if the immigration of Jews to the United States was not restricted, the Jews would ruin the country. Historians later concluded that this document, if it did exist, was a forgery. (Edelheit)

1934 February 4 Greek police prevent a pogrom against the Jews of Salonika.

1934 February 6 Fascist agitation leads to rioting in the streets of Paris, almost resulting in a coup.

1934 February 7 Hitler tells Cardinal Schulte that he does not like Rosenberg's Myth of the 20th Century. He supported Rosenberg, the theoretician of the National Socialist Party, Hitler said, but did not identify himself with Rosenberg, the author. (Lewy)

1934 February 7 The Daladier government resigns and the new French Government of National Concentration is installed. (Edelheit)

1934 February 7 The antisemitic Liberal Movement is founded in Bucharest.

1934 February 8 The Gestapo orders German Bible Circles to be disbanded.

1934 February 8 Customs agents in America impound 300 pounds of Nazi propaganda materials.

1934 February 9 The Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office in Rome announces that Alfred Rosenberg's Myth of the 20th Century has been placed on the Church's Index of Forbidden Books. (Lewy)

1934 February 9 The French government bans Communist demonstrations.

1934 February 9 The Balkan Pact is signed in Athens by Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey and Romania.

1934 February 11 The Austrian Antisemitenbund (Antisemitic Association) sets out its anti-Jewish program.

1934 February 12 The Austrian Heimwehr (Homeguard) stages a coup d'etat. Communists are attacked, and the Socialist Schutzbund (Protection Force) is disarmed. More than 100 are killed.

1934 February 12/13 A general strike breaks out in France.

1934 February 14 King Albert of Belgium dies in a mountain-climbing accident.

1934 February 16 A British-Soviet trade agreement is signed.

1934 February 17 More than 5,000 Austrian Jews lose their jobs because of Dollfuss' antisemitic policies.

1934 February 18 Austria bans the Zionist Labor Organization.

1934 February 19 The Youth Aliya (immigration to Palestine) program begins operation in Germany.

1934 February 19 Polish Jewish organizations agree to levy a tax on their members to be used for German Jewish relief.

1934 February 20 Latvia's parliament rejects proposals to abolish Jewish autonomy.

1934 February 25 The German Association of Jewish War Veterans declares loyalty to Germany in honor of the 12,000 Jews who died fighting for Germany in WWI.

1934 February 25 Leopold III is crowned king of Belgium.

1934 February 28 Hitler invites invites General Werner von Blomberg, Minister of Defense, and SA leader Ernst Roehm to meet with him at the War Ministry, where he convinces them to sign an agreement specifying the responsibilities of the Reichswehr and the SA. The Reichswehr is given the right to bear arms and handle all military operations and the SA is placed in chrarge of some aspects of training. The SS soon accuses Roehm of calling Hitler a traitor and vowing to overthrow him. (Secrets)

1934 February 28 The Wehrmacht issues orders applying racial criteria to German military service.

1934 March The Blutorden (Blood Order) medal is instituted by the Nazi party. Originally named "The Sign of Honor for November 9, 1923" it is awarded only to veterans of the Munich Putsch. It will later be presented to a very select few for outstanding personal achievement.

1934 March 1 Henry Pu-yi, last of the Manchu emperors, is crowned emperor of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (Manchuria).

1934 March 4 Austria's leading newspaper, the Oesterreichischer Beobachter, states that Jews should be removed from all leading positions in Austria.

1934 March 5 B'nai B'rith International protests Germany's dissolution of its German lodges.

1934 March 6 The SA issues another warning card on Rudolf von Sebottendorff, and shortly afterward he is briefly interned. Sebottendorff then makes his way once again to Turkey, later finding employment with the German Intelligence Service in Istanbul. (Berlin Document Center; Roots)

1934 March 7 The Spanish government announces it will grant automatic citizenship to all Sephardic Jews returning to Spain.

1934 March 7 The American Jewish Congress and the American Federation of Labor sponsor a mock trial and anti-Nazi protest rally at Madison Square Garden.

1934 March 7 The Carnegie Institute compiles the family tree of President Roosevelt, claiming that his ancestors came to America about 1682. Supposedly they were Claes Martenszen Van Rosenvelt and Janette Samuel, both originally of Spanish Sephardic (Jewish) descent. Once again, conservatives and antisemites used this information to stir up anti-Jewish tensions and create distrust of the President, his cabinet (many of whom were Jewish) and the government. (See March 14, 1935)

1934 March 8 Nazi sympathizers stage incidents at Columbia University in New York.

1934 March 9 The Einstein Institute of Physics opens at Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

1934 March 10 Twelve Jews are elected to the Italian parliament.

1934 March 10 Catherine the Great, a film starring Elizabeth Bergner, a Jewish actress, is banned in Germany.

1934 March 12 The Nazi Trade and Artisans Union declares a new boycott of Jewish businesses in Germany.

1934 March 12 Konstantin Paets seizes power in Estonia.

1934 March 14 Classes at Warsaw University are cancelled after disturbances.

1934 March 16 Warsaw University is closed after students attack Professor Herceli Handelsmann. Six are arrested several days later.

1934 March 19 An article in the New York Times reports that the Polish government is fighting back against American and German stockholders who control "Poland's largest industrial unit, the Upper Silesian Coal and Steel Company... Two-thirds of the company's stock is owned by Friedrich Flick, a leading German steel industrialist, and the remainder is owned by interests in the United States." (Those interests were Averell Harriman, George Herbert Walker and Prescott Bush among others.)

1934 March 20 Germany lifts the ban on Jewish organizations as long as they remain uninvolved in politics.

1934 March 21 The American Jewish Congress and New York Central Labor Council establish the Joint Boycott Enforcement Council against German goods and services.

1934 March 21 Hitler announces the "war on unemployment," emphasizing the need to employ five million jobless Germans during the coming year.

1934 March 22 The Austrian census calculates that 183,000 Jews live in approximately 750 Austrian towns and villages.

1934 March 23 Germany announces the Law Regarding Expulsion from the Reich.

1934 March 23 The NSDAP orders local Nazi leaders to stop all independent actions that might lead to antisemitic violence. (Edelheit)

1934 March 28 Dr. Max Naumann, leader of a small group of ultranationalist, assimilationist Jews in Germany, organizes a Nazi-like party.

1934 March 29 The pro-Nazi German American Bund launches a counter-boycott against Jewish goods and services.

1934 March 30 Police in Warsaw, fearing antisemitic violence, prohibit meetings of the United Polish Jewish Committee for Combatting German Jewish Persecution.

1934 April 1 Jewish shops in Germany are again boycotted.

1934 April 1 Heinrich Himmler is appointed Reichsführer-SS. (Edelheit)

1934 April 2 Lithuania removes all Jewish doctors from government-run hospitals and clinics.

1934 April 4 The German state of Baden bans Jewish ritual slaughter (shechita).

1934 April 4 The three Legionaries (Iron Guardsmen) who assassinated Romanian Prime Minister Ion Duca are given life sentences.

1934 April 5 Dr. Ludwig Marum, a former Jewish member of the Reichstag commits suicide while in "protective custody" by the Gestapo.

1934 April 5 Forty-six Iron Guard leaders are freed by a military court in Romania.

1934 April 9 Austria bans dissimination of Pan-German Association propaganda.

1934 April 12 The German Ministry of Justice introduces the "protective custody" warrant.

1934 April 12 Julius Streicher is appointed Gauleiter of Franconia.

1934 April 19 The Czech government prohibits The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and other antisemitic works from circulation.

1934 April 20 Himmler is appointed inspector of the Prussian Gestapo.

1934 April 22 Reinhard Heydrich is appointed Gestapo chief. (Edelheit)

1934 April 22 Sir Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Union of Fascists, accuses English Jews of dual loyalty during his first public address in London.

1934 April 23 Brandenburg concentration camp is closed by the Gestapo.

1934 April 27 The Swiss government informs Germany that a mutual arrangement between the two countries must take place without prejudice on racial origins of Swiss citizens. (Edelheit)

1934 April Himmler again visits Wewelsburg Castle near Paderborn in Westphalia. (See August 1934)

1934 April Karl Maria Weisthor (Wiligut) is promoted to SS-Standartenfuhrer (Colonel).

1934 May Siegmund Warburg immigrates to London.

1934 May 1 The German Labor Code is published.

1934 May 1 Julius Streicher's Der Stürmer (Stuemer) prints a "blood-libel" story accusing Jews of murdering "Aryan" children for ritual sacrifice.

1934 May 9 Mussolini creates the Italian "Corporate State." (Edelheit)

1934 May 11 The British House of Commons passes a resolution protesting use of the German embassy to distribute antisemitic propaganda.

1934 May 15 National Socialist priest, Wilhelm Senn, hails Adolf Hitler as "the tool of God, called upon to overcome Judaism..." (Lewy)

1934 May 15 Jewish autonomy is abolished in Latvia after a coup led by Karlis Ulimanis. There are some 94,000 Jews living in Latvia at this time.

1934 May 17 Colonel Bronislaw Pieracki, Polish minister of the interior, is assassinated by an antisemitic terrorist group in Warsaw.

1934 May 17 The German American Protective Alliance announces a counter-boycott against Jewish businesses at Madison Square Garden.

1934 May 18 The Nazis decide not to apply the "Aryan Clause" to Asians.

1934 May 29 Zionist headquarters in Lvov (Lemberg), Poland, is bombed.

1934 May 31 All those racially classified as Jews are dismissed from the German army. (Edelheit)

1934 May 31 Colditz concentration camp is closed.

1934 June 3 Hitler holds a conference with SA leader Ernst Röhm (Roehm).

1934 June 5 The possibilities for legislating on "race-protection" are discussed at the 37th Meeting of the German Criminal Law Commission. Professor Dahm says: "Ideally, sexual relationships between "Aryans" and "non-Aryans" should be punished." (Science)

1934 June 5-7 The Fulda Bishops' Conference notes that "contrary to earlier declarations of the Fuehrer, the National Socialist movement itself now wanted to constitute a Weltanschauung (worldview)." Religion could not be based on Blood and race or other dogmas of human creation, the bishops write, but only on divine revelation taught by the Church and its visible head, the Vicar of Christ in Rome. (Lewy)

1934 June 5-7 The Fulda Bishops' Conference pronounces that Catholic nurses may not assist or take part in sterilization operations (see July 24, 1940).

1934 June 6 Pogroms throughout Poland are sponsored by Endek (Polish National Democratic Party).

1934 June 7 Ernst Roehm agrees to furlough the SA for one month, beginning July 1.

1934 June 8 Latvia begins alrge-scale roundups of Socialists. Many Jews are arrested.

1934 June 9 Diplomatic relations between Russia and Romania are resumed.

1934 June 9 The Sicherheitdienst (SD) is established as the political counter-espionage arm of the NSDAP.

1934 June 11 The Disarmament Conference ends in failure.

1934 June 11 Temple Neudinger in Vienna is severely damaged in an antisemitic bombing.

1934 June 14-15 Hitler and Mussolini meet for the first time.

1934 June 14 Marshal Josef Pilsudski refuses to meet with Goebbels during the Nazi propaganda chief's visit to Poland.

1934 June 15 Schacht declares a six month moratorium on German foreign payments. He klater extends it to one year.

1934 June 17 On one of the rare occasions when he dares criticize the Nazi regime, Vice Chancellor von Papen makes a much-publicized speech at Marburg, saying that the Church must be granted the right to oppose the state's totalitarian claims when those claims intrude into the realm of religion. (Lewy)

1934 June Himmler hints to Hitler that if the Papen bourgeois and Roehm's SA were to join forces, as reports from the SS secret police seemed to indicate, it would be a catastrophe for Hitler. (Secrets)

1934 June 19 Hitler refuses to accept Vice Chancellor von Papen's resignation.

1934 June 20 The NDW, soon to be renamed the DFG, agrees to the creation of five posts for assistants to process the "scientific material," available in connection with sterilization, for Professor Fischer, Professor Rüdin (Director of the KWI of Psychiatry in Munich), and Professor von Verschuer (a department head at the KWI of Anthropology under Professor Fischer). (Science)

1934 June 21 Hitler flies to Neudeck to see the dying Hindenburg. Hindenburg, appalled by the continued outrageous behavior of Roehm and the SA, vows that unless order is restored he will declare martial law and turn power over to the army. (The SS, Time-Life)

1934 June 21 The German state of Franconia cancels the citizenship for all Jews naturalized between 1922 and 1929. (Edelheit)

1934 June 23 Italian warships occupy the Albanian port of Durazzo.

1934 June 25 Professor Lenz says at a meeting of the Expert Advisory Council for Population and Race Policy: "As things are now, it is only a minority of our fellow citizens who are so endowed that their unrestricted procreation is good for the race." (Science)

1934 June 27 Hitler calls a halt to plans that would have banned Stahlhelm.

1934 June 28 Hitler and Goering attend a wedding in western Germany. Himmler telephones constantly from Berlin warning of an imminent coup by Roehm and the SA. (The SS, Time-Life)

1934 June 29 In response to the rumors of an SA coup, Hitler tells those close to him: "I've had enough. I shall make an example of them." (The SS, Time-Life)

1934 June 30 The Night of the Long Knives: Ernst Roehm and most of the top SA leadership are arrested. Many are quickly executed without trial. Also killed are General von Schleicher and Gregor Strasser. As many as a thousand homosexuals may have been killed during the following purge.

1934 June 30 On Hitler's orders the SS becomes an independent organization within the NSDAP. (Edelheit)

1934 July 1 Defense Minister General Werner von Blomberg thanks Hitler in the name of the Wehrmacht for curbing Roehm and the SA.

1934 July 2 President Hindenburg sends Hitler a telegram thanking him for savings the German people from a catastrophe.

1934 July 2 Hitler gives Sepp Dietrich orders to execute Roehm. The coup de grace is administered by SS-Brigadefuehrer Theodor Eicke. (Secrets)

1934 July 3 The Reichstag justifies Hitler's actions against the SA.

1934 July 3 An order is issued forbidding the publication of the pastoral letter of June 7 by the press and even the diocesan gazettes on the grounds that the letter is likely to jeopardize public order and deprecate the authority of state and movement. The Gestapo confiscates all unsold copies. (Lewy)

1934 July 4 Himmler appoints Theodor Eicke as inspector of of the concentration camp and head of the SS-Totenkopfverbaende (Death's Head units). (Edelheit)

1934 July 7 Theodor Eicke takes command of all Death's Head formations of the SS and becomes director of the Central Camps Authority. (See July 2)

1934 July 8 Sixty people are killed during anti-Communist uprising in Amsterdam.

1934 July 12 Belgium outlaws all uniformed political parties.

1934 July 13 Hitler defends his purge of the SA in a speech at the Kroll Opera House.

1934 July 15 Nazis march the length of the Kurfurstendam in Berlin, wrecking Jewish owned shops and attacking all those they believe to be Jewish.

1934 July 20 The SS is strengthened and takes over control of most of the concentration camps formerly under SA control. (Days)

1934 July 25 Austrian Nazis stage a coup in Vienna and murder Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. An attempted takeover collapses when Mussolini dispatches troops to the Austrian border as a warning to Hitler.

1934 The Austrian DNSAP is disbanded by the government.

1934 August 1 President Hindenburg dies of natural causes. Hitler quickly proclaims himself both Chancellor and Fuehrer of the German People.

1934 August 1 The Lithuanian government suppresses all Jewish newspapers.

1934 August 2 The German armed forces swear a personal oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler.

1934 August 7 Five Americans are beaten in Nuremberg for refusing to give the Nazi salute.

1934 August 7 Belgium orders the antisemitic Green Shirts disbanded.

1934 August 15 Hitler receives Hindenburg's political testament.

1934 August 15 Hohnstein concentration camp is closed.

1934 August 19 A German plebiscite approves (88%) Hitler's assumption of full power and his dual role as chancellor and fuehrer.

1934 August 26-27 The Third World Conference of General Zionists meets in Cracow.

1934 August Wewelsburg castle in Westphalia is officially taken over by Himmler and the SS.

1934 September 5 In America, William Dudley Pelley issues what he calls the "New Emancipation Proclamation" promising to "impose racial quotas on the political and economic structure, observing rigorously in effect that no racial factions shall be allowed further occupancy of public or professional office in excess of the ratio of its blood-members to the remaining sum total of all races completing the composition of the body politic." (Hoar)

1934 September 12 Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania sign a mutual nonagression and cooperation treaty.

1934 September 13 Poland denounces the Minorities Agreement, which had been set up at Versailles and guaranteed by the Covenant of the League of Nations. Hitler chooses not to protest Poland's denunciation even though German interests are directly involved.

1934 September 15 Poland repudiates the National Minority Treaty.

1934 September 18 The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations and is given a permanent seat on the Council.

1934 September 19 U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull denounces all political and racial boycotts in any form.

1934 September 26 Black nationalists in New York City begin boycotting Jewish owned shops and businesses.

1934 September 29 Italy reaffirms the 1928 friendship treaty with (Abyssinia) Ethiopia.

1934 October Karl Maria Weisthor (Wiligut) is appointed head of Section VIII (Archives) at the SS Race and Resettlement Main Office in Munich. (Roots)

1934 October 1 Germany begins building up its air force, the Luftwaffe,in violation of the Versailles Treaty.

1934 October 1 The first course for SS doctors is given at the Kaiser Wilhem Institute of Anthropology under the direction of Professor Fischer (to August 1, 1935). (Science)

1934 October 3 Goebbels warns the Juedische Rundschau (Jewish Review) to limit its articles to Zionist affairs, ot it will be shut down.

1934 October 5 A coalition of Communists, Socialists and Syndicalists stage a general strike throughout Spain.

1934 October 7 Armed revolts in Spain are led by both the Socialist-Anarchists-Communists and the Catalonian Separatists. (Edeleheit)

1934 October 8 Chaim Weizmann demands that Transjordan be opened for Jewish business and settlement.

1934 October 9 King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French Foreign Minister Jean Barthou are assassinated by Croatian separatist in Marsailles (F), while on their way to Paris.

1934 October 11 King Alexander's 11-year-old son, Peter II, becomes king of Yugoslavia.

1934 October 16 A letter from Wewelsburg commandant Manfred von Knobelsdorff to Karl Maria Weisthor (Wiligut) closes with the expression "in Irminist loyalty." Irminism has been the religion of Weisthor since long before he left Austria and joined the SS. (Roots)

1934 October 16 The tax free staus of all Jewish religious institutions in Germany is cancelled.

1934 October 22 Hermann Goering, speaking in Hitler's name, offers to guarantee all of Romania's borders, including those with Russia and Hungary, and to completely rearm Romania with modern weapons, if it will pledge to oppose any attempt by Soviet troops to cross Romanian territory. Nicolae Titulescu, the Romanian Prime Minister, however, had previously promised the French and Czechoslovaks to allow the Soviets to cross Romania in case of war. Titulescu then attempts to conceal Goering's offer from his ministry and the Romanian government.

1934 October 23 The Naval Disarmament Conference is held in London.

1934 October 27 An assassination plot against Mussolini is exposed in Italy.

1934 October 28 The Arab Federation of Labor calls for a Jewish boycott in Palestine.

1934 October 29 The Nazi party in Southwest Africa (Gray Shirts) is outlawed by the government.

1934 October 30 The American Legion adopts a resolution condemning Nazism.

1934 November Weisthor (Wiligut) who has found great favor with Himmler is promoted to SS-Oberfuhrer (Lieutenant-Brigadier).

1934 November 2 Baron Edmund de Rothschild dies.

1934 November 8 Pierre Flandin suceeds M. Doumerque as French prime minister.

1934 November 9 Hitler stages an even more elaborate Blutzeuge celebration in Munich. This event is even larger than the one held in 1933.

1934 November 11 Father Charles Coughlin founds the National Union of Social Justice in America.

1934 November 13 Mussolini meets with Nahum Goldman.

1934 November 15 Cardinal Faulhaber writes a letter to the World Jewish Congress protesting "the use of his name by a conference demanding the commercial boycott of Germany, that is, economic war." (Lewy)

1934 November 20 Goering repeats Germany's offer of October 22 and insists that Romania is not being asked to abandon any of its previous alliances. This offer will be made time and time again, right up to the eve of war.

1934 November 26 The World Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi Boycott Association is founded.

1934 December 1 Sergei Mironovich Kirov is assassinated. His death was probably ordered by Stalin, who uses the murder as the pretext for arresting nearly all the major party figures as saboteurs within a year.

1934 December 3 France and Germany sign a one-year agreement prohibiting discrimination against any resident of the Saar region for racial, linguistic or religious reasons.

1934 December 17 Sir Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Union of Fascists, is tried for riotous assembly.

1934 December 19 Japan denounces the 1922 and 1930 naval agreements.

1934 December 22 An international group of observers arrives in the Saar to oversee the upcoming plebiscite (referendum) to determine whether the region will become part of Germany, or France.

1934 December 27 The French Foreign Office refuses to issue transit visas for Thousands of Jews fleeing Germany. (Edelheit)

1934 The Edda Society's publication Hagal devotes three issues to the ancestral memory and mystical family traditions of Karl Maria Wiligut (Weisthor). (Roots)

1934 Mao Tse-tung leads the Chinese Communists on what is called the Long March.

1934 No new Jewish lawyers are allowed to enter the legal profession in Romania. (Atlas)

1934 Edward R. Stettinius Jr. becomes a vice-president at U.S. Steel, another Morgan company.

1934 The influential Jesuit magazine Civilta Cattolica published in Rome notes with regret that the antisemitism of the Nazis "does not stem from the religious convictions nor the Christian conscience... but from the desire to upset the order of religion and society," and added, "we could understand them, or even praise them, if their policy were restricted within acceptable bounds of defense against the Jewish organizations and institutions..." (Lewy)

1934 Hitler in a conversation with Hermann Rauschning asks: "How can we arrest racial decay? Shall we form a select company of the really initiated? An Order, the brotherhood of Templars around the holy grail of pure blood?" (Rauschning)

1934 Michael Charol, a Russian emigrant, publishes Genghis Khan: The Storm Out of Asia under the pen name, Michael Prawdin. The book is said to have been closely studied by Himmler, who in turn recommended it to Hitler. (Architect)

Copyright © 1997 R.H. Perez de Cruet
All Rights reserved.

NEXT TIMEBASE

Home Page