TIMEBASE 1935

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1935 January 1 The Soviet Union discontinues food rationing cards.

1935 January 2 The Zurich city council requests the Swiss government to prohibit anti-Jewish demonstrations and publication of antisemitic literature.

1935 January 3 Abyssinia (Ethiopia) requests the assistance of the League of Nations in its conflict with Italy.

1935 January 4 The German bishops rule that since the main purpose of marriage is procreation, sterilized people may not partake of the sacrament of matrimony (see January 15, 1936).

1935 January 6 The American Jewish committee reports that the Jewish situation in Austria has worsened since Kurt von Schuschnigg took over the Chancellorship.

1935 January 7 An agreement is signed between France and Italy adjusting their conflicting aims in Africa.

1935 January 8 Columbia Haus prison in Berlin becomes a concentration camp under direct control of the Gestapo.

1935 January 13 The League of Nations supervises the plebiscite (referendum) in the Saar. Ninety percent of the electors vote for a union with Germany. Only ten percent vote for union with France.

1935 January 17 The League of Nations formally awards the Saar region to Germany.

1935 January 20-21 The National Conference on Palestine is held in Washington, D.C.

1935 January 24 Hitler again meets with Josef Lipski, the Polish ambassador. Hitler tells Lipski that "the moment will come when Poland and Germany will be forced to defend themselves from Soviet aggression."

1935 January 30 The SS-Hauptamt (Main Office) is established.

1935 January-February During the 17th Party Congress, disaffection with Stalin is demonstrated when former Leningrad party leader Sergei Kirov (assassinated December 1, 1934) receives an ovation equal to Stalin's. Nevertheless, Stalin crushes the peasant resistance and collectivization proves a success in terms of facilitating rapid industrial growth.

1935 February Wewelsburg castle, which began its SS service as an SS museum and officer's college for ideological education, is placed under the direct control of Himmler's personal staff. Himmler's decision to transform the castle into an SS order-castle, comparable to Marienburg of the medieval Teutonic Knights, almost certainly came from K.M. Weisthor (Wiligut). (Roots; Mund)

1935 February 1 The Anglo-German Conference begins in London. Its main topic is German rearmament.

1935 February 1 Italy sends troops to East Africa.

1935 February 6 Eva Braun celebrates her 23rd birthday and begins a new diary. Twenty-two hastily written pages were found after the war. (Eva's Diary)

1935 February 9 Unity Mitford, dining alone at the Osteria Bavaria restaurant in Munich, is invited by Hitler to join him and his party for lunch. This is their first meeting, but according to her diaries, they will meet or talk 140 times during the next five years. (Guiness)

1935 February 10 Jean Szembeck, Polish Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs, tells Josef Beck, Poland's Foreign Minister, that Lipski told him Goering and his generals are "developing great plans for the future, suggesting almost a German-Polish alliance against Soviet Russia."

1935 February 15 Germany publishes a decree creating the Reichsstelle fuer Raumordnung (Agency for Space Arrangement).

1935 February 17 A workers congress organized by the Polish Socialist Party and the Polish Communist Party, attended by numerous Jews, meets in Warsaw.

1935 February 27 Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg denies that his government intends to expel eastern-European Jews or reduce the number of professional Jews. (Edelheit)

1935 February 28 The Swiss Supreme Court prohibits formation of uniformed, Nazi-like stormtroopers.

1935 March 1 The Saar is reunited with Germany and becomes an integral part of the Third Reich. The Nazis quickly apply their anti-Jewish legislation to the region.

1935 March 3 Britain publishes the Defence White Paper, detailin its plans for rearmament.

1935 March 9 Germany begins to secretly rearm (See March 3). (Edelheit)

1935 March 11 Hitler announces the existence of the new German air force (Luftwaffe).

1935 March 11 A meeting takes place of Workgroup II of the Expert Advisory Council for Population and Race Policy. Professors Fischer, Günther, and Lenz discuss with civil servants from the Ministry of the Interior the illegal sterilization of German coloured children. Professor Rüdin calls for the sterilization of psychopaths. (Science)

1935 March 13 German Jews are prohibited from reorienting their lives as artisans with the intent of remaining in the country. (Edelheit)

1935 March 14 The New York Times quotes President Roosevelt as saying, " In the distant past my ancestors may have been Jews. All I know about the origin of the Roosevelt family is that they are apparently the descendents of Claes Martenszen van Roosevelt who came from Holland. (See March 7, 1934)

1935 March 15 The Soviet Union announces creation of a fifth Jewish autonomous region at Larindorf in the Crimea.

1935 March 15 France extends compulsory military service for two more years.

1935 March 16 Germany reintroduces compulsory military service and repudiates the disarmament clauses of the Versailles Treaty. The democracies do not react, and Britain will soon conclude a naval agreement with Germany that permits greater German naval strength than allowed by Versailles. (See June 18)

1935 March 22 The German Ministry of Education reports that not a single Jewish student was admitted to German universities in the academic year 1933-34. (Edelheit)

1935 March 24 The Anglo-Jewish Council of Trades and Industries, the World Alliance for Combatting Antisemitism and the British Anti-War Council proclaim an anti-Nazi boycott.

1935 March 25-26 Britain and Germany hold bilateral talks.

1935 March 28 Greece orders all anti-Jewish organization within its borders closed.

1935 March 31 An antisemitic manifesto published in Romania calls for racial restrictions in all areas of national life.

1935 April Sir Oswald Mosley meets with Hitler in Munich. (Guiness)

1935 Wewelsburg Castle becomes home to the Ahnenerbe, the ancestral heritage branch of the S.S. (It was called by some the Nazi Occult Bureau. (Pauwels;Roots)

1935 Spring Karl Maria Weisthor (K.M. Wiligut) is transferred from Munich to Berlin where he continues his work in the Chief Adjutant's office of Himmler's personal staff. Weisthor's villa is in exclusive Grunewald at Kaspar Theyss Strasse 33. Frequent social visitors included Himmler, Otto Rahn, Joachim von Leers, Edmund Kiss, Richard Anders and Friedrich Schiller. (Mund)

1935 April 1 Austria violates the Treaty of St. Germain by reinstituting compulsory military service.

1935 April 8 Adolph S. Ochs dies in Chattanooga, Tennesee. Ochs is soon succeeded as publisher of The New York Times by his son-in-law, Arthur Hayes Sulzberger, husband of Och's daughter, Iphigene, his only child. (Today, the newspaper remains largely the family business of the Sulzberger family.)

1935 April 11-14 The prime ministers of Britain, France and Italy meet at Stresa, Italy, to discuss Austrian independence and discuss establishing a common front against its unification with Germany.

1935 April 17 The League of Nations censures Germany's rearmament policy.

1935 April 23 The Nazi Race Bureau declares that Jewish children will be excluded from German public schools.

1935 April 23 A new Polish constituion is adopted that severely limits minority rights, especially for Jews.

1935 April 24 The American Union for Social Justice, Father Couglin's organization, holds its first meeting in Detroit.

1935 April 24 A Nazi decree orders that publishers and newspaer editors must prove their "Aryan" descent to 1800, or lose their jobs.

1935 April 30 A Nazi decree prohibits Jews from displaying the German flag.

1935 May Otto Rahn joins Weisthor (Wiligut's) department as a civilian employee.

1935 May 1 University students in Bucharest are required to fill out special forms describing their ethnic origins.

1935 May 2 Prussia's Administrative Court rules that the Gestapo is no longer subject to judicial control.

1935 May 2-6 France and the Soviet Union sign the Pact of Mutual Assistance in case of unprovoked aggression. Hitler says it is obviously directed at Germany.

1935 May 9 The silver jubilee of King George V is celebrated in London and throughout the empire.

1935 May 12 Marshal Josef Pilsudski dies in Warsaw and buried in Krakow Cathedral. He is succeeded by Marshal Edward Smigly-Rydz.

1935 May 14 A Swiss court, after almost two years of testimony and deliberations, rules that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion are a forgery and demoralizing literature. (See June 26, 1933 and November 1, 1937)

1935 May 16 The Czecho-Soviet Pact of Mutual Assistance is signed.

1935 May 20 The Sudeten German Party in Czechoslovakia, led by Konrad Heiden, an ally of the outlawed Nazi Party, wins 45 out of 300 seats in the national parliament, receiving more tham 250,000 votes.

1935 May 21 The "Army Law" is passed and "Aryan descent" becomes a prerequisite for active service in the German army. (Days)

1935 May 21 Hitler once again declares himself a man of peace and disavows any imperialist designs during a speech to the Reichstag.

1935 May 25 The SA stirs up anti-Jewish riots in Munich.

1935 May 27 The U.S. Supreme Court rules that Roosevelt's National Recovery Act (NRA) is unconstitutional.

1935 May 27 The International Congress of Sephardic Jewry is established.

1935 May 29 Chancellor Schuschnigg rejects Austrian union with Germany.

1935 May 31 All Jews are excluded from conscription in the German army.

1935 June Stalin extends his purges to the leadership of the Red Army.

1935 June 4 Pierre Laval forms a new French cabinet.

1935 June 7 German representatives assure the International Olympic committee that "Aryans" and "non-Aryans" will be treated equally during the upcoming Olympic games.

1935 June 7 Stanley Baldwin, the Conservative leader, replaces Ramsey MacDonald as Prime Minister of Great Britain.

1935 June 9 Sixty Jews are injured in anti-Jewish riots at Grodno in Poland.

1935 June 10 Albania announces that only Jews with capital to invest are welcome.

1935 June 12 Germany withdraws from the International League of Nations Society in protest of the League's anti-Nazi resolution.

1935 June 15 Chinese Communists Mao Tse-tung calls for a united front against Japan, but excludes Chiang Kai-shek.

1935 June 18 The German-British Naval Treaty is signed. It permits much greater German naval strength than allowed by the Versailles Treaty and greatly irritates France

1935 June 19 The German consulate in Palestine warns Jews not to return to Germany, even for a short visit, because the Gestapo will arrest them and put them in concentration camps for "special education."

1935 June 19 Abyssinia (Ethiopia) asks the League of Nations to send observers into disputed areas of East Africa.

1935 June 20 The Soviet Union recognises the right of Jews to own private property in Birobidjan.

1935 June 21 The German state of Franconia cancels the citizenship of all Jews naturalized between 1922 and 1929. (Edelheit)

1935 June 23 Polish officials close the Anti-Nazi Boycott Committee of Poland claiming its funds are being mismanaged.

1935 June 23 Mussolini rejects British concessions concerning Abyssinia.

1935 June 24 More than 10,000 members of the Hitler Youth take a formal oath "to eternally hate the Jews."

1935 June 26 The German Labor Service (Arbeitdienst) is established and excludes all "non-Aryans" from national labor service.

1935 June 30 The Swiss state of Zurich prohibits the sale of Julius Streicher's Der Stuermer.

1935 July 1 The Gestapo arrests protestant pastor, Martin Niemoeller.

1935 July 1 Himmler officially founds the Society for Research into the Spiritual Roots of Germany's Ancestral Heritage (Ahnenerbe) in Berlin. He soon turns the Ahnenerbe into an official organization attached to the SS. Its declared aims are: "To make researches into the localization, general characteristics, achievements and inheritance of the Indo-Germanic race, and to communicate to the people the results of this research. This mission must be accomplished through the use of strictly scientific methods." (Pauwels)

1935 July 2 Switzerland officially bans three German anti-Jewish publications: Der Stuermer, Reichsdeutsche and Allemane.

1935 July 7 In Belgium, the Catholic daily newspaper, La Libre Belge, states that Catholics in Germany are treated worse than Jews.

1935 July 12 Alfred Dreyfus dies in France.

1935 July 15 The Wehrmacht chief of staff issues orders banning all German soldiers from shopping in "non-Aryan" shops and stores.

1935 July 16 Violent anti-Jewish demonstrations break out on Berlin's Kurfuerstendam.

1935 July 19 Alfred Rosenberg's latest book An die Dunkelmanner unserer Zeit, written as an answer his critics in the Catholic Church, is also put on the Church's Index of Forbidden Books. (Lewy)

1935 July 20 The Gestapo closes down Jewish-owned shop on the Kurfuerstendam in Berlin.

1935 July 23 Lithuanian police in Kovno suppress the Jewish anti-Nazi boycott.

1935 July 27 Nazi leaders forbid individual anti-Jewish actions. All anti-Jewish measures must emanate from the Fuehrer's chancellery. (Edelheit)

1935 July 31 The Berlin city council bars provincial Jews from entering the city.

1935 August 6 The Reich Association of Jewish Cultural Unions, established by the Reich Chamber of Culture, are placed under the control of Goebbel's propaganda ministry.

1935 August 9 Huey P. Long, U.S. Senator from Louisiana and Roosevelt's number one rival in the upcoming presidential elections, makes a speech in the Senate, telling his colleagues that the "Black Hand," led by Jews, has ordered his assassination at a meeting in a New Orleans hotel. (Congressional Record)

1935 August 15 Julius Streicher organizes an anti-Jewish rally at the Berlin Sportspalast.

1935 August 15 The U.S. Congress passes the Social Security Act.

1935 August 18 President Roosevelt implores Mussolini to preserve the peace in East Africa.

1935 August 20 The Catholic bishops send a lengthy memorandum to Hitler complaining that because of the support and publicity given by the party to Rosenberg's books, the public could only conclude that neopaganism and National Socialism were identical. (Lewy)

1935 August 20 The Nineteenth World Zionist Congress opens in Lucerne, Switzerland. It will close on September 14.

1935 August 20 The Seventh World Congress of the Communist International (Comintern) calls for a popular front to combat Fascism and support the struggles and wars of national liberation around the world.

1935 August 26 Half-Jewish Berlin psychiatrist, Dr. Kallmann, is allowed to speak for the last time at a meeting inGermany. At the International Congress of Population Problems, he claims: "...it is desirable to extend prevention of reproduction to relatives of schizophrenics who stand out because of minor anomalies, and, above all, to define each of them as being undesirable from the eugenic point of view at the beginning of their reproductive years." (Science)

1935 August 31 Italy increases the size of its army to more than one million men.

1935 September 1 Chaim Weizmann becomes president of the World Zionist Organization at the Nineteenth World Zionist Congress in Lucerne.

1935 September 4 The League of Nations meets to discuss Mussolini's agression against Abyssinia (Ethiopia).

1935 September 6 Street sales of Jewish newspapers is prohibited in Germany. (Persecution)

1935 September 7-12 The New Zionist Organization (HA-ZACH) is officially founded at its first congress in Vienna. Jabotinsky presents a 10-year plan to settle 1.5 million Jews on both sides of the Jordan River. The Revisionist constitution is adopted.

1935 September 8 Huey P. Long is shot in the State Capitol at Baton Rouge by Dr. Carl Austin Weiss, a doctor of Jewish descent, less than a month after his speech in the Senate. More than 10,000 people attend Weiss' funeral in Baton Rouge. (See August 9)

1935 September 10 Huey P. Long dies from his wounds in Baton Rouge.

1935 September 11 Hitler, at the Seventh Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg, announces that German scientists have solved the problem of synthetic rubber (buna) production.

1935 September 11 Britain urges the League of Nations to resist agressive actions. (Edelheit)

1935 September 14 Italy rejects a League of Nations compromise on the Abyssinian (Ethiopian) crisis.

1935 September 15 At the Nazi Party Rally in Nuremberg, Hitler officially proclaims the antisemitic "Nuremberg Laws." These repressive laws are designed to biologically isolate the Jewish people legally, politically, and socially. One law restricts German citizenship to those of "German or related blood," thus stripping the Jews of their few remaining rights as German citizens. Another prohibits marriage and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans, making it a crime punishable by imprisonment.

1935 September 15 The swastika becomes part of the official flag of the Third Reich. (Edelheit)

1935 September 16 The central office of the German episcopate in Berlin reports that previously Catholic couples of racially mixed descent had travelled to England to get married, but now even those marriages have become illegal. (Lewy)

1935 September 20 Nazi party ideologists give their official interpretation of the Nuremberg Laws. (Edelheit)

1935 September 20 Himmler issues an order forbidding members of the S.S. to take any leading role in religious organizations, including the German Faith movement, and strictly forbidding all manifestations of religious intolerance or scorn of religious symbols. (Lewy)

1935 September 27 Otto Rahn writes a letter to Weisthor (Wiligut) excitedly describing the places he has been visiting in his hunt for grail traditions in Germany. Rahn asks for complete confidence in the matter with the exception of Himmler. (Bundesarchiv, Koblenz)

1935 September 27 Waldemar Gurian, a German Catholic writer in exile, writes that the Nuremberg ordinances are "only a stage on the way toward the complete physical destruction of the Jews." (Lewy)

1935 September 30 All Jewish civil servants in Germany are placed on leave. (Persecution)

1935 October 1 Goebbel's Propaganda Ministry explains that Nazism is anti-Jewish rather than antisemitic -- to avoid offending their Arab allies.

1935 October 2 German banks are prohibited from issuing loans and giving credit to Jews.

1935 October 3 - 4 Mussolini's Italian troops invade the African nation of Abyssinia (Ethiopia), sending in forces from Italian Eritrea and Somaliland. Italy had unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Ethiopia in 1896, and that defeat still rankled many Italians.

1935 October 5 The U.S. places an embargo on all arms shipments to Italy and Abyssinia (Ethiopia).

1935 October 5 Columbia Haus concentration camp in Berlin is closed.

1935 October 6 Nazis stage anti-Jewish actions throughout Germany. (Edelheit)

1935 October 10 The monarchy is restored in Greece under King George II.

1935 October 11 Fifty-one members of the League of Nations vote economic sanctions against Italy.