TIMEBASE 1934

1934 January 1 Hitler writes a letter of gratitude to his friend, Ernst Roehm.

1934 January 1 All Jewish holidays are removed from official German calendars.

1934 January 2 A German law is passed for sterilization of the "unfit."

1934 January 6 Catholic worshippers are told at services that according to Catholic doctrine it is forbidden to volunteer for sterilization or apply for the sterilization of another. "We appreciate every consideration for the basic principle." (Lewy)

1934 January 6 George Tatarescu, Romania's new prime minister, promises to eliminate antisemitism throughout the nation.

1934 January 7 Germany bars "non-Aryans" from adopting "Aryan" children.

1934 January 9 A student union in Budapest calls for a boycott of university classes until anti-Jewish legislation is passed. (Edelheit)

1934 January 10 Marinus van der Lubbe is executed in Leipzig for setting the fire at the Reichstag. (See February 27)

1934 January 10 The government of Holland announces that all government employees belonging to the Nazi Party will be fired immediately.

1934 January 11 The homes of dissident German clergymen are raided by the Gestapo.

1934 January 12 The Gestapo permits the Zionist Federation of Germany to hold a Palestine exhibition in Berlin.

1934 January 15 An antisemitic racial exhibition opens in Munich.

1934 January 15 Goering orders the Gestapo to arrest and question all political emigres and Jews returning to Germany.

1934 January 15 Goebbels demands that all Jews representing German companies abroad be dismissed from their positions.

1934 January 16 The League of Nations protests the treatment of Jews in the Saar and Upper Silesia.

1934 January 19 Kemma concentration camp is closed.

1934 January 21 The Austrian government approves establishment of a Jewish self defense force in Vienna.

1934 January 22 Street fighting breaks out between Communists and Royalists in Paris. Hundreds are arrested by the French police.

1934 January 22 The American Jewish Congress establishes the Merchandising Council to Strengthen Boycott against German Goods and Services. (Edelheit)

1934 January 24 Alfred Rosenberg is appointed deputy of the Fuehrer for the supervision of the spiritual and ideological training of the National Socialist Party. (Lewy)

1934 January 25 Albert Einstein visits with President Roosevelt at the White House.

1934 January 26 Germany and Poland conclude a 10-year non-aggression pact.

1934 January 26 The Zurich Church Council condemns The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.

1934 January 28 Lithuanian police raid kehilla headquarters in Ponivez to squelch the anti-Nazi boycott. (Edelheit)

1934 January 29 The SA issues a warning card on Baron Rudolf von Sebottendorff. (Berlin Document Center; Roots)

1934 January 29 The Pro-Communist New Masses (January 29 and February 5, 1934) publishes an article entitled "Wall Street's Fascist Conspiracy" by John L. Spivak. This article claims that the Warburg family is involved in a fascist conspiracy with the J.P Morgan international banking interests, has opposed the anti-Nazi boycott and controls the American Jewish Committee, while at the same time their Kuhn Loeb and Co. in New York is underwriting Nazi shipping and industrialization. No mention is made of the Warburg family's close connection with Averell Harriman, already a permanent hero of the Soviet Union.

1934 January 30 A Nazi reorganization strips German states of their sovereignty.

1934 January 31 The U.S. dollar is devalued to 60 cents.

1934 February 1 Dollfuss dissolves all rival political parties and establishes one-party rule in Austria. Often described as a proto-Fascist, he is determined to keep Austria independent of both Germany and the Communists.

(Note: A brief but bloody civil war soon breaks out. Socialist resistance to Dollfuss' measures leads to the government's bombardment of Vienna's large Socialist quarter.)

1934 February 1 Police in Vienna outlaw the sale of anti-Jewish or pro-Nazi publications on the streets.

1934 February 2 The Nazis publish a version of the Psalms of David that eliminates all references to Jews.

1934 February 3 Liberation, an antisemitic publication, publishes the text of a speech supposedly given by Benjamin Franklin during the U.S. Constitutional Convention (1787-1788) in which he is alleged to have remarked that if the immigration of Jews to the United States was not restricted, the Jews would ruin the country. Historians later concluded that this document, if it did exist, was a forgery. (Edelheit)

1934 February 4 Greek police prevent a pogrom against the Jews of Salonika.

1934 February 6 Fascist agitation leads to rioting in the streets of Paris, almost resulting in a coup.

1934 February 7 Hitler tells Cardinal Schulte that he does not like Rosenberg's Myth of the 20th Century. He supported Rosenberg, the theoretician of the National Socialist Party, Hitler said, but did not identify himself with Rosenberg, the author. (Lewy)

1934 February 7 The Daladier government resigns and the new French Government of National Concentration is installed. (Edelheit)

1934 February 7 The antisemitic Liberal Movement is founded in Bucharest.

1934 February 8 The Gestapo orders German Bible Circles to be disbanded.

1934 February 8 Customs agents in America impound 300 pounds of Nazi propaganda materials.

1934 February 9 The Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office in Rome announces that Alfred Rosenberg's Myth of the 20th Century has been placed on the Church's Index of Forbidden Books. (Lewy)

1934 February 9 The French government bans Communist demonstrations.

1934 February 9 The Balkan Pact is signed in Athens by Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey and Romania.

1934 February 11 The Austrian Antisemitenbund (Antisemitic Association) sets out its anti-Jewish program.

1934 February 12 The Austrian Heimwehr (Homeguard) stages a coup d'etat. Communists are attacked, and the Socialist Schutzbund (Protection Force) is disarmed. More than 100 are killed.

1934 February 12/13 A general strike breaks out in France.

1934 February 14 King Albert of Belgium dies in a mountain-climbing accident.

1934 February 16 A British-Soviet trade agreement is signed.

1934 February 17 More than 5,000 Austrian Jews lose their jobs because of Dollfuss' antisemitic policies.

1934 February 18 Austria bans the Zionist Labor Organization.

1934 February 19 The Youth Aliya (immigration to Palestine) program begins operation in Germany.

1934 February 19 Polish Jewish organizations agree to levy a tax on their members to be used for German Jewish relief.

1934 February 20 Latvia's parliament rejects proposals to abolish Jewish autonomy.

1934 February 25 The German Association of Jewish War Veterans declares loyalty to Germany in honor of the 12,000 Jews who died fighting for Germany in WWI.

1934 February 25 Leopold III is crowned king of Belgium.

1934 February 28 Hitler invites invites General Werner von Blomberg, Minister of Defense, and SA leader Ernst Roehm to meet with him at the War Ministry, where he convinces them to sign an agreement specifying the responsibilities of the Reichswehr and the SA. The Reichswehr is given the right to bear arms and handle all military operations and the SA is placed in chrarge of some aspects of training. The SS soon accuses Roehm of calling Hitler a traitor and vowing to overthrow him. (Secrets)

1934 February 28 The Wehrmacht issues orders applying racial criteria to German military service.

1934 March The Blutorden (Blood Order) medal is instituted by the Nazi party. Originally named "The Sign of Honor for November 9, 1923" it is awarded only to veterans of the Munich Putsch. It will later be presented to a very select few for outstanding personal achievement.

1934 March 1 Henry Pu-yi, last of the Manchu emperors, is crowned emperor of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (Manchuria).

1934 March 4 Austria's leading newspaper, the Oesterreichischer Beobachter, states that Jews should be removed from all leading positions in Austria.

1934 March 5 B'nai B'rith International protests Germany's dissolution of its German lodges.

1934 March 6 The SA issues another warning card on Rudolf von Sebottendorff, and shortly afterward he is briefly interned. Sebottendorff then makes his way once again to Turkey, later finding employment with the German Intelligence Service in Istanbul. (Berlin Document Center; Roots)

1934 March 7 The Spanish government announces it will grant automatic citizenship to all Sephardic Jews returning to Spain.

1934 March 7 The American Jewish Congress and the American Federation of Labor sponsor a mock trial and anti-Nazi protest rally at Madison Square Garden.

1934 March 7 The Carnegie Institute compiles the family tree of President Roosevelt, claiming that his ancestors came to America about 1682. Supposedly they were Claes Martenszen Van Rosenvelt and Janette Samuel, both originally of Spanish Sephardic (Jewish) descent. Once again, conservatives and antisemites used this information to stir up anti-Jewish tensions and create distrust of the President, his cabinet (many of whom were Jewish) and the government. (See March 14, 1935)

1934 March 8 Nazi sympathizers stage incidents at Columbia University in New York.

1934 March 9 The Einstein Institute of Physics opens at Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

1934 March 10 Twelve Jews are elected to the Italian parliament.

1934 March 10 Catherine the Great, a film starring Elizabeth Bergner, a Jewish actress, is banned in Germany.

1934 March 12 The Nazi Trade and Artisans Union declares a new boycott of Jewish businesses in Germany.

1934 March 12 Konstantin Paets seizes power in Estonia.

1934 March 14 Classes at Warsaw University are cancelled after disturbances.

1934 March 16 Warsaw University is closed after students attack Professor Herceli Handelsmann. Six are arrested several days later.

1934 March 19 An article in the New York Times reports that the Polish government is fighting back against American and German stockholders who control "Poland's largest industrial unit, the Upper Silesian Coal and Steel Company... Two-thirds of the company's stock is owned by Friedrich Flick, a leading German steel industrialist, and the remainder is owned by interests in the United States." (Those interests were Averell Harriman, George Herbert Walker and Prescott Bush among others.)

1934 March 20 Germany lifts the ban on Jewish organizations as long as they remain uninvolved in politics.

1934 March 21 The American Jewish Congress and New York Central Labor Council establish the Joint Boycott Enforcement Council against German goods and services.

1934 March 21 Hitler announces the "war on unemployment," emphasizing the need to employ five million jobless Germans during the coming year.

1934 March 22 The Austrian census calculates that 183,000 Jews live in approximately 750 Austrian towns and villages.

1934 March 23 Germany announces the Law Regarding Expulsion from the Reich.

1934 March 23 The NSDAP orders local Nazi leaders to stop all independent actions that might lead to antisemitic violence. (Edelheit)

1934 March 28 Dr. Max Naumann, leader of a small group of ultranationalist, assimilationist Jews in Germany, organizes a Nazi-like party.

1934 March 29 The pro-Nazi German American Bund launches a counter-boycott against Jewish goods and services.

1934 March 30 Police in Warsaw, fearing antisemitic violence, prohibit meetings of the United Polish Jewish Committee for Combatting German Jewish Persecution.

1934 April 1 Jewish shops in Germany are again boycotted.

1934 April 1 Heinrich Himmler is appointed Reichsführer-SS. (Edelheit)

1934 April 2 Lithuania removes all Jewish doctors from government-run hospitals and clinics.

1934 April 4 The German state of Baden bans Jewish ritual slaughter (shechita).

1934 April 4 The three Legionaries (Iron Guardsmen) who assassinated Romanian Prime Minister Ion Duca are given life sentences.

1934 April 5 Dr. Ludwig Marum, a former Jewish member of the Reichstag commits suicide while in "protective custody" by the Gestapo.

1934 April 5 Forty-six Iron Guard leaders are freed by a military court in Romania.

1934 April 9 Austria bans dissimination of Pan-German Association propaganda.

1934 April 12 The German Ministry of Justice introduces the "protective custody" warrant.

1934 April 12 Julius Streicher is appointed Gauleiter of Franconia.

1934 April 19 The Czech government prohibits The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and other antisemitic works from circulation.

1934 April 20 Himmler is appointed inspector of the Prussian Gestapo.

1934 April 22 Reinhard Heydrich is appointed Gestapo chief. (Edelheit)

1934 April 22 Sir Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Union of Fascists, accuses English Jews of dual loyalty during his first public address in London.

1934 April 23 Brandenburg concentration camp is closed by the Gestapo.

1934 April 27 The Swiss government informs Germany that a mutual arrangement between the two countries must take place without prejudice on racial origins of Swiss citizens. (Edelheit)

1934 April Himmler again visits Wewelsburg Castle near Paderborn in Westphalia. (See August 1934)

1934 April Karl Maria Weisthor (Wiligut) is promoted to SS-Standartenfuhrer (Colonel).

1934 May Siegmund Warburg immigrates to London.

1934 May 1 The German Labor Code is published.

1934 May 1 Julius Streicher's Der Stürmer (Stuemer) prints a "blood-libel" story accusing Jews of murdering "Aryan" children for ritual sacrifice.

1934 May 9 Mussolini creates the Italian "Corporate State." (Edelheit)

1934 May 11 The British House of Commons passes a resolution protesting use of the German embassy to distribute antisemitic propaganda.

1934 May 15 National Socialist priest, Wilhelm Senn, hails Adolf Hitler as "the tool of God, called upon to overcome Judaism..." (Lewy)

1934 May 15 Jewish autonomy is abolished in Latvia after a coup led by Karlis Ulimanis. There are some 94,000 Jews living in Latvia at this time.

1934 May 17 Colonel Bronislaw Pieracki, Polish minister of the interior, is assassinated by an antisemitic terrorist group in Warsaw.

1934 May 17 The German American Protective Alliance announces a counter-boycott against Jewish businesses at Madison Square Garden.

1934 May 18 The Nazis decide not to apply the "Aryan Clause" to Asians.

1934 May 29 Zionist headquarters in Lvov (Lemberg), Poland, is bombed.

1934 May 31 All those racially classified as Jews are dismissed from the German army. (Edelheit)

1934 May 31 Colditz concentration camp is closed.

1934 June 3 Hitler holds a conference with SA leader Ernst Röhm (Roehm).

1934 June 5 The possibilities for legislating on "race-protection" are discussed at the 37th Meeting of the German Criminal Law Commission. Professor Dahm says: "Ideally, sexual relationships between "Aryans" and "non-Aryans" should be punished." (Science)

1934 June 5-7 The Fulda Bishops' Conference notes that "contrary to earlier declarations of the Fuehrer, the National Socialist movement itself now wanted to constitute a Weltanschauung (worldview)." Religion could not be based on Blood and race or other dogmas of human creation, the bishops write, but only on divine revelation taught by the Church and its visible head, the Vicar of Christ in Rome. (Lewy)

1934 June 5-7 The Fulda Bishops' Conference pronounces that Catholic nurses may not assist or take part in sterilization operations (see July 24, 1940).

1934 June 6 Pogroms throughout Poland are sponsored by Endek (Polish National Democratic Party).

1934 June 7 Ernst Roehm agrees to furlough the SA for one month, beginning July 1.

1934 June 8 Latvia begins alrge-scale roundups of Socialists. Many Jews are arrested.

1934 June 9 Diplomatic relations between Russia and Romania are resumed.

1934 June 9 The Sicherheitdienst (SD) is established as the political counter-espionage arm of the NSDAP.

1934 June 11 The World Disarmament Conference ends in failure.

1934 June 11 Temple Neudinger in Vienna is severely damaged in an antisemitic bombing.

1934 June 14-15 Hitler and Mussolini meet for the first time.

1934 June 14 Marshal Josef Pilsudski refuses to meet with Goebbels during the Nazi propaganda chief's visit to Poland.

1934 June 15 Schacht declares a six month moratorium on German foreign payments. He klater extends it to one year.

1934 June 17 On one of the rare occasions when he dares criticize the Nazi regime, Vice Chancellor von Papen makes a much-publicized speech at Marburg, saying that the Church must be granted the right to oppose the state's totalitarian claims when those claims intrude into the realm of religion. (Lewy)

1934 June Himmler hints to Hitler that if the Papen bourgeois and Roehm's SA were to join forces, as reports from the SS secret police seemed to indicate, it would be a catastrophe for Hitler. (Secrets)

1934 June 19 Hitler refuses to accept Vice Chancellor von Papen's resignation.

1934 June 20 The NDW, soon to be renamed the DFG, agrees to the creation of five posts for assistants to process the "scientific material," available in connection with sterilization, for Professor Fischer, Professor Rüdin (Director of the KWI of Psychiatry in Munich), and Professor von Verschuer (a department head at the KWI of Anthropology under Professor Fischer). (Science)

1934 June 21 Hitler flies to Neudeck to see the dying Hindenburg. Hindenburg, appalled by the continued outrageous behavior of Roehm and the SA, vows that unless order is restored he will declare martial law and turn power over to the army. (The SS, Time-Life)

1934 June 21 The German state of Franconia cancels the citizenship for all Jews naturalized between 1922 and 1929. (Edelheit)

1934 June 23 Italian warships occupy the Albanian port of Durazzo.

1934 June 25 Professor Lenz says at a meeting of the Expert Advisory Council for Population and Race Policy: "As things are now, it is only a minority of our fellow citizens who are so endowed that their unrestricted procreation is good for the race." (Science)

1934 June 27 Hitler calls a halt to plans that would have banned Stahlhelm.

1934 June 28 Hitler and Goering attend a wedding in western Germany. Himmler telephones constantly from Berlin warning of an imminent coup by Roehm and the SA. (The SS, Time-Life)

1934 June 29 In response to the rumors of an SA coup, Hitler tells those close to him: "I've had enough. I shall make an example of them." (The SS, Time-Life)

1934 June 30 The Night of the Long Knives: Ernst Roehm and most of the top SA leadership are arrested. Many are quickly executed without trial. Also killed are General von Schleicher and Gregor Strasser. As many as a thousand homosexuals may have been killed during the following purge.

1934 June 30 On Hitler's orders the SS becomes an independent organization within the NSDAP. (Edelheit)

1934 July 1 Defense Minister General Werner von Blomberg thanks Hitler in the name of the Wehrmacht for curbing Roehm and the SA.

1934 July 2 President Hindenburg sends Hitler a telegram thanking him for savings the German people from a catastrophe.

1934 July 2 Hitler gives Sepp Dietrich orders to execute Roehm. The coup de grace is administered by SS-Brigadefuehrer Theodor Eicke. (Secrets)

1934 July 3 The Reichstag justifies Hitler's actions against the SA.

1934 July 3 An order is issued forbidding the publication of the pastoral letter of June 7 by the press and even the diocesan gazettes on the grounds that the letter is likely to jeopardize public order and deprecate the authority of state and movement. The Gestapo confiscates all unsold copies. (Lewy)

1934 July 4 Himmler appoints Theodor Eicke as inspector of of the concentration camp and head of the SS-Totenkopfverbaende (Death's Head units). (Edelheit)

1934 July 7 Theodor Eicke takes command of all Death's Head formations of the SS and becomes director of the Central Camps Authority. (See July 2)

1934 July 8 Sixty people are killed during anti-Communist uprising in Amsterdam.

1934 July 12 Belgium outlaws all uniformed political parties.

1934 July 13 Hitler defends his purge of the SA in a speech at the Kroll Opera House.

1934 July 15 Nazis march the length of the Kurfurstendam in Berlin, wrecking Jewish owned shops and attacking all those they believe to be Jewish.

1934 July 20 The SS is strengthened and takes over control of most of the concentration camps formerly under SA control. (Days)

1934 July 25 Austrian Nazis stage a coup in Vienna and murder Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. An attempted takeover collapses when Mussolini dispatches troops to the Austrian border as a warning to Hitler.

1934 The Austrian DNSAP is disbanded by the government.

1934 August 1 President Hindenburg dies of natural causes. Hitler quickly proclaims himself both Chancellor and Fuehrer of the German People.

1934 August 1 The Lithuanian government suppresses all Jewish newspapers.

1934 August 2 The German armed forces swear a personal oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler.

1934 August 7 Five Americans are beaten in Nuremberg for refusing to give the Nazi salute.

1934 August 7 Belgium orders the antisemitic Green Shirts disbanded.

1934 August 15 Hitler receives Hindenburg's political testament.

1934 August 15 Hohnstein concentration camp is closed.

1934 August 19 A German plebiscite approves (88%) Hitler's assumption of full power and his dual role as chancellor and fuehrer.

1934 August 26-27 The Third World Conference of General Zionists meets in Cracow.

1934 August Wewelsburg castle in Westphalia is officially taken over by Himmler and the SS.

1934 September 5 In America, William Dudley Pelley issues what he calls the "New Emancipation Proclamation" promising to "impose racial quotas on the political and economic structure, observing rigorously in effect that no racial factions shall be allowed further occupancy of public or professional office in excess of the ratio of its blood-members to the remaining sum total of all races completing the composition of the body politic." (Hoar)

1934 September 12 Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania sign a mutual nonagression and cooperation treaty.

1934 September 13 Poland denounces the Minorities Agreement, which had been set up at Versailles and guaranteed by the Covenant of the League of Nations. Hitler chooses not to protest Poland's denunciation even though German interests are directly involved.

1934 September 15 Poland repudiates the National Minority Treaty.

1934 September 18 The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations and is given a permanent seat on the Council.

1934 September 19 U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull denounces all political and racial boycotts in any form.

1934 September 26 Black nationalists in New York City begin boycotting Jewish owned shops and businesses.

1934 September 29 Italy reaffirms the 1928 friendship treaty with (Abyssinia) Ethiopia.

1934 October Karl Maria Weisthor (Wiligut) is appointed head of Section VIII (Archives) at the SS Race and Resettlement Main Office in Munich. (Roots)

1934 October 1 Germany begins building up its air force, the Luftwaffe,in violation of the Versailles Treaty.

1934 October 1 The first course for SS doctors is given at the Kaiser Wilhem Institute of Anthropology under the direction of Professor Fischer (to August 1, 1935). (Science)

1934 October 3 Goebbels warns the Juedische Rundschau (Jewish Review) to limit its articles to Zionist affairs, ot it will be shut down.

1934 October 5 A coalition of Communists, Socialists and Syndicalists stage a general strike throughout Spain.

1934 October 7 Armed revolts in Spain are led by both the Socialist-Anarchists-Communists and the Catalonian Separatists. (Edeleheit)

1934 October 8 Chaim Weizmann demands that Transjordan be opened for Jewish business and settlement.

1934 October 9 King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French Foreign Minister Jean Barthou are assassinated by Croatian separatist in Marsailles (F), while on their way to Paris.

1934 October 11 King Alexander's 11-year-old son, Peter II, becomes king of Yugoslavia.

1934 October 16 A letter from Wewelsburg commandant Manfred von Knobelsdorff to Karl Maria Weisthor (Wiligut) closes with the expression "in Irminist loyalty." Irminism has been the religion of Weisthor since long before he left Austria and joined the SS. (Roots)

1934 October 16 The tax free staus of all Jewish religious institutions in Germany is cancelled.

1934 October 22 Hermann Goering, speaking in Hitler's name, offers to guarantee all of Romania's borders, including those with Russia and Hungary, and to completely rearm Romania with modern weapons, if it will pledge to oppose any attempt by Soviet troops to cross Romanian territory. Nicolae Titulescu, the Romanian Prime Minister, however, had previously promised the French and Czechoslovaks to allow the Soviets to cross Romania in case of war. Titulescu then attempts to conceal Goering's offer from his ministry and the Romanian government.

1934 October 23 The Naval Disarmament Conference is held in London.

1934 October 27 An assassination plot against Mussolini is exposed in Italy.

1934 October 28 The Arab Federation of Labor calls for a Jewish boycott in Palestine.

1934 October 29 The Nazi party in Southwest Africa (Gray Shirts) is outlawed by the government.

1934 October 30 The American Legion adopts a resolution condemning Nazism.

1934 November Weisthor (Wiligut) who has found great favor with Himmler is promoted to SS-Oberfuhrer (Lieutenant-Brigadier).

1934 November 2 Baron Edmund de Rothschild dies.

1934 November 8 Pierre Flandin suceeds M. Doumerque as French prime minister.

1934 November 9 Hitler stages an even more elaborate Blutzeuge celebration in Munich. This event is even larger than the one held in 1933.

1934 November 11 Father Charles Coughlin founds the National Union of Social Justice in America.

1934 November 13 Mussolini meets with Nahum Goldman.

1934 November 15 Cardinal Faulhaber writes a letter to the World Jewish Congress protesting "the use of his name by a conference demanding the commercial boycott of Germany, that is, economic war." (Lewy)

1934 November 20 Goering repeats Germany's offer of October 22 and insists that Romania is not being asked to abandon any of its previous alliances. This offer will be made time and time again, right up to the eve of war.

1934 November 26 The World Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi Boycott Association is founded.

1934 December 1 Sergei Mironovich Kirov is assassinated. His death was probably ordered by Stalin, who uses the murder as the pretext for arresting nearly all the major party figures as saboteurs within a year.

1934 December 3 France and Germany sign a one-year agreement prohibiting discrimination against any resident of the Saar region for racial, linguistic or religious reasons.

1934 December 17 Sir Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Union of Fascists, is tried for riotous assembly.

1934 December 19 Japan denounces the 1922 and 1930 naval agreements.

1934 December 22 An international group of observers arrives in the Saar to oversee the upcoming plebiscite (referendum) to determine whether the region will become part of Germany, or France.

1934 December 27 The French Foreign Office refuses to issue transit visas for Thousands of Jews fleeing Germany. (Edelheit)

1934 The Edda Society's publication Hagal devotes three issues to the ancestral memory and mystical family traditions of Karl Maria Wiligut (Weisthor). (Roots)

1934 Mao Tse-tung leads the Chinese Communists on what is called the Long March.

1934 No new Jewish lawyers are allowed to enter the legal profession in Romania. (Atlas)

1934 Edward R. Stettinius Jr. becomes a vice-president at U.S. Steel, another Morgan company.

1934 Power and Earth (Macht und Erde) is published by German geopolitician Karl Haushofer. It implies that a dynamic Germany has the natural right to grasp all of Eurasia and dominate the oceanic countries. Based in part on British political geographer Halfor John Mackinder’s 1904 paper "The Geographical Pivot of History," Haushofer’s theories of geopolitics have helped shape Adolf Hitler’s demands for lebensraum (living space).

1934 The influential Jesuit magazine Civilta Cattolica published in Rome notes with regret that the antisemitism of the Nazis "does not stem from the religious convictions nor the Christian conscience... but from the desire to upset the order of religion and society," and added, "we could understand them, or even praise them, if their policy were restricted within acceptable bounds of defense against the Jewish organizations and institutions..." (Lewy)

1934 Hitler in a conversation with Hermann Rauschning asks: "How can we arrest racial decay? Shall we form a select company of the really initiated? An Order, the brotherhood of Templars around the holy grail of pure blood?" (Rauschning)

1934 Michael Charol, a Russian emigrant, publishes Genghis Khan: The Storm Out of Asia under the pen name, Michael Prawdin. The book is said to have been closely studied by Himmler, who in turn recommended it to Hitler. (Architect)

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